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The expansion of natural crop protection products as alternatives to the use of synthetic fungicides is currently popular. In this project the effects of essential oils to control Penicillium sp. in vitro and in vivo on grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) fruit. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of anise, chamomile, black caraway, and marjoram essential oils against Penicillium sp. tested at various concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 μL L −1 ) in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro results showed that the growth of Penicillium sp. was completely inhibited by the application of anise oil at concentrations of 800 μL L −1 . The present results showed that the highest anthocyanin contents, total soluble solids, and pH related to the grapes treated with black caraway, chamomile, and marjoram essential oils and the lowest values belonged to the grapes treated with chamomile, marjoram, and chamomile essential oils (respectively). As well, the highest anthocyanin contents, total soluble solids, and pH associated with the control treatment, 600 and 400 μL L −1 and the lowest amounts related to a concentration of 200, 200, and 800 μL L −1 (respectively). This research confirms the antifungal effects of anise, chamomile, black caraway, and marjoram essential oils both in vitro and in vivo on grapevine fruit postharvest. Therefore, these essential oils could be an alternative to chemicals to control postharvest phytopathogenic fungi on grapevine fruit.

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Seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L. var. asperma) is one of the few unique crops grown only in Iran and southkhorasan. Barberry is a well known medicinal plant in Iran and has been widely used as food additive. The comprehensive survey of fungal contamination of barberry was undertaken in the market of Birjand, during March to June at 2012. Fungal infections of barberry were studied in thirty samples. Among these, Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. and Mucor spp. were major contaminants also the results showed that 57% of barberry was infected and most fungal species related to Aspergillus spp. and penicillium spp. Therefore it needs to undertake the management practices.

Taxonomy of the genus Leveillula has long been considered as a challenge in powdery mildew systematics. During the last decade the rDNA diversity has been used for phylogenetic analysis of the genus Leveillula aiming for better understanding of the genetic diversity and taxonomy of the genus. Iran with an arid and warm climate provides a high Leveillula powdery mildew diversity associated with a wide range of host plants. In this study we have obtained additional rDNA ITS sequences from four samples which show more diversity on ITS rDNA region. According to our observation morphology of Leveillula on Tropaeolum majus is different from what described as L. tropaeolicola on this host species. Leveillula on Ficus carica could be closely related to L. contractirostris. The fungus on Cucurbita is morphologically different from L. taurica, a common species that has been recorded on a wide range of crops as well as Cucurbitaceae. To determine phylogenetic relationships and to facilitate species identification, ITS regions of rDNA were sequenced for new collections. Sequence of rDNA ITS from Cucurbita powdery mildew showed 100% identity to those of L. thevenotiae. Leveillula on Ficus carica clustered with L. contractirostris. ITS sequences of L. jaczewskii was generated for the first time. These data showed that L. jaczewskii is closely related to L. taurica on Zygophyllum fabago (holotype host for L. taurica), however, the two DNA sequences differ at five positions.