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SUMMARY After the recent successful isolation of spiral organisms from the stomach this paper presents the bacteriological and pathological correlation of gastric antral biopsies from 51 patients endoscopied for upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Campylobacter pyloridis was cultured from 29 patients and seen by either silver staining of the biopsy or scanning electron microscopy in an additional three. The organism was cultured from 23 of the 33 (69%) patients with peptic ulcer disease and from within this group 17 (80%) of the 21 patients with duodenal ulceration. It was cultured only once from the 12 normal biopsies in the series but from 27 of the 38 (71%) biopsies showing gastritis. C pyloridis was also cultured from five out of seven of the 14 endoscopically normal patients, who despite this had biopsy evidence of gastritis. It was the sole organism cultured from 65% of the positive biopsies and scanning electron microscopy invariably revealed it deep to the surface mucus layer. C pyloridis persisted in the three patients with duodenal ulcers after treatment and healing. The findings support the hypothesis that C pyloridis is aetiologically related to gastritis and peptic ulceration though its precise role still remains to be defined.The presence of spiral bacteria on gastric mucosa has been noted by histopathologists for many years. ' Fiesh impetus to these observations and to the search for the aetiology of peptic ulcer disease has been given by the culture of these organisms and the demonstration of their association with gastritis and duodenal ulcer.2-4 Other communications5-7 have upheld these initial findings. The provisional name of Campylobacter pyloridis has been assigned to the new organism.3 8 This paper presents a prospective study on a series of patients with peptic ulcer disease, designed to look at the incidence of this new organism in the stomach and to try and shed light on whether it is a pathogen or not. Methods PATIENTS AND ENDOSCOPY

Objective To identify perinatal variables associated with adverse outcomes in infants prenatally diagnosed with gastroschisis. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of all inborn pregnancies complicated by gastroschisis within the five institutions of the University of California Fetal Consortium from 2007 to 2012. The primary outcome was a composite adverse neonatal outcome comprising death, re-operation, gastrostomy, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Variables collected included antenatal ultrasound findings, maternal smoking or drug use, gestational age at delivery, preterm labor, elective delivery, mode of delivery, and birth weight. Univariate and multivariate analysis was utilized to assess factors associated with adverse outcomes. We also evaluated the e association of preterm delivery with neonatal outcomes such as total parenteral nutrition (TPN) cholestasis and length of stay. Results There were 191 infants born with gastroschisis in University of California Fetal Consortium institutions at a mean gestational age of 36 3/7 ± 1.8 weeks. Within the cohort, 27 (14%) had one or more major adverse outcomes including three deaths (1.6%). Early gestational age at delivery was the only variable identified as a significant predictor of adverse outcomes on both univariate and multivariate analysis (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1-1.8 for each earlier week of gestation). TPN cholestasis was significantly more common in infants delivered < 37 weeks of gestational age (38/115 (33%) compared with 11/76 (15%); p<0.001). Conclusions In this contemporary cohort, earlier gestational age at delivery is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes in infants with gastroschisis. Other variables such as antenatal ultrasound findings and mode of delivery did not predict adverse neonatal outcomes.