Edited by Robert BaroukiKeywords: Promoter Estrogen receptor ER-a36 Breast cancer a b s t r a c t Recently, we identified and cloned a membrane-based estrogen receptor (ER), ER-a36, which is transcribed from a previously unidentified promoter in the first intron of the original ER-a gene. We cloned the 5 0 flanking region of ER-a36 and found the cloned DNA sequence possessed strong promoter activity. A single transcription initiation site was mapped and a number of putative regulatory elements for various transcription factors such as the Wilms' tumor suppressor, WT1 and estrogen receptor (ER) were identified in this region. Transient co-transfection experiments further demonstrated that ER-a suppresses ER-a36 promoter activity in an estrogen-independent manner, which can be released by ER-a36 itself.

Lixisenatide provides an additional GLP-1RA option, which may have more postprandial blood glucose-lowering effects than the other agents in the class because of its shorter half-life and effects on delaying gastric emptying.

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