Echoes are frequently seen in the urinary bladder of cats during abdominal ultrasound. These have been attributed to hematuria, pyuria, crystalluria, and lipid. However, sonographic findings have not been previously correlated with urinalysis. We prospectively evaluated 40 clinically normal cats via ultrasound, serum chemistry, and urinalysis. Thin layer chromatography was performed on the urine to determine the amount (mg) of lipid subfractions including diacylglycerol, triglyceride, phospholipid, free fatty acid, cholesterol, and cholesterol ester. Ninety percent (36/40) of the cats in our population had sonographic echoes suspended in the urinary bladder, with most having a subjective score of mild echoes (n = 20). None of the sonographic echoes were gravity dependent or caused distal acoustic shadowing, reverberation, or twinkle artifact. Of the cats with sonographic echoes in the urine, 66% (24/36) had no significant findings on urinalysis other than the presence of lipid. The total amount of subjective sonographic echoes was not significantly related to the total amount of fat measured on thin layer chromatography or the number of lipid droplets seen on urinalysis. An increased amount of urine diacylglycerol was significantly associated with clumping of echoes (P = 0.02) and the amount of lipid droplets seen on urinalysis (P = 0.04). An association between increased amounts of urine diacylglycerol and the amount of echoes seen on ultrasound approached significance (P = 0.05). Findings from this study support previously published theories that sonographic echoes within the urinary bladder of clinically normal cats may be due to urine lipid.

Background: Understanding client perspective is important for veterinary communications, particularly during problem visits. Key client experiences of caregiver burden, anticipatory grief and quality of life (QoL) have been previously examined in this context, but never simultaneously considered. Methods: A sample of 393 owners of an elderly or seriously ill companion animal was recruited online to complete cross‐sectional measures of psychosocial function, companion animal presentation and demographics. Results: Exploratory factor analysis demonstrated that owner caregiver burden, anticipatory grief and QoL reflect distinct constructs. Cluster analysis showed these experiences occur in four separate owner profiles: ‘distressed’, ‘resilient’, ‘non‐distressed’ and owners experiencing strain due to ‘other influences’. These groups appear to be differentially influenced by various factors, such as the companion animal's QoL, nature of the illness and the owner's attachment. They also show distinct differences in consideration of euthanasia and emotional functioning, including experience of stress and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Constructs of caregiver burden, anticipatory grief and QoL are not interchangeable and may differentially impact owner decisions and behaviour. The veterinarian's understanding of owner profiles relevant to these issues and distinguishing underlying features may foster effective communication.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether an acceptance and commitment training (ACT) program targeting reactions to difficult client interactions would reduce burden transfer, stress, and burnout among veterinary healthcare teams. SAMPLE Small animal veterinary hospital employees randomly assigned to participate in an ACT program (intervention group; n = 72) or to not undergo the training program (control group; 71). PROCEDURES The study was designed as a randomized, controlled, parallel-arms trial. All participants completed prestudy assessments of burden transfer, stress, and burnout. The ACT program consisted of 3 small-group–format educational sessions tailored to reducing reactivity to difficult veterinary client interactions; sessions were delivered via video teleconference. At the end of the educational sessions (posttest) and 1 month later (1-month follow-up), assessments of burden transfer, stress, and burnout were repeated, and participants in the intervention group provided ratings of program helpfulness and frequency of use for techniques taught in the program. RESULTS Participants receiving the program rated it as helpful and reported frequent use of program techniques. Relative to the control group, the intervention group showed significantly reduced burden transfer, stress, work-related burnout, and client-related burnout after completing the educational sessions. These improvements were maintained at the 1-month follow-up. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings support the usefulness of this program in reducing occupational distress in veterinary medicine. Future work is needed to examine whether it is similarly effective in formats that could be more broadly disseminated (eg, asynchronous, self-paced, independent learning).

OBJECTIVE An acceptance and commitment training (ACT) educational program targeting reaction to difficult client interactions recently demonstrated efficacy in reducing burden transfer, stress, and burnout in veterinary healthcare teams. The current noninferiority trial compared effectiveness of the original program with a self-paced version. SAMPLE Employees of 2 corporate veterinary groups were randomized to live (n = 128) or self-paced (124) conditions. The workshop and assessments were completed by 137 (55 live and 82 self-paced). PROCEDURES Asynchronous modules containing the same content as the original program were placed on in-house veterinary clinic learning systems. Participants of this parallel arms trial completed pretest measures of burden transfer, stress, and burnout. Following assessment, the 3-week ACT program was delivered via videoconferencing (live) or asynchronous modules (self-paced). At post-test and 1-month follow-up, measures were repeated, with added assessment of knowledge, helpfulness ratings, and usage of techniques. A subset (n = 33) of participants repeated measures 9 to 12 months as an extended follow-up. RESULTS Program helpfulness was rated more highly by live versus self-paced participants. Self-paced showed better program retention. No differences in knowledge or use of program techniques (> 5 times daily) emerged. Relative to pretest, both conditions showed reduced burden transfer, stress, and burnout at post-test and follow-up; no differences by condition emerged. Participants completing extended follow-up maintained improvement from baseline. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings suggest a learning system–based version of this program can improve occupational distress in veterinary healthcare teams, with gains maintained over time. The flexibility of this format promotes program completion and allows broader dissemination.