This contribution explores whether the hosting of two non-mega sport events affected the happiness of residents (non-attendees) in the host community, and if these feelings differed according to the type of event. The events under investigation were two multi-sport events held in the same community: the Ontario Summer Games and the 55+Summer Games. Residents were intercepted in public spaces to complete a survey, including levels of happiness, event and sociodemographic variables. Happiness was measured in a holistic way, including: overall happiness, satisfaction, positive and reversed negative affect dimensions of subjective well-being.Hierarchical regression analysis revealed: (1) higher levels of happiness for aware, non-attendee residents when measured with a single-item of overall happiness, but not for other measures of happiness in the holistic approach (causality can not be confirmed); (2) aware, non-attendee residents did not need to have the intention to attend the events to experience these higher levels of happiness; and (3) higher feelings of happiness of aware, non-attendee residents were not different according to the type of event. From a practical perspective, these findings stress the importance of informing residents of these events so they become aware that these events are being hosted in their community. Effective communication should include feelings of pride and belonging, as these are expected to stimulate feelings of happiness of non-attendee residents.
The purpose of this study was to create a measuring instrument to capture happiness in the context of events and test it in the context of two non-mega sport events. Three groups of residents were distinguished (event 1: OSG; event 2: 55+SG; and a control group, unaware of events: CONTR).Residents who did not attend the events were surveyed in public places in order to find out whether the mere hosting of these events had the potential to impact their happiness and well-being. The theoretical construct of Subjective Well-Being was used to develop a survey to measure happiness and well-being holistically. Four components were developed: overall level of happiness (oneitem), satisfaction with important domains (three-items), and specific emotions recently experienced (i.e., affect dimensions, eight-items). Exploratory Factor Analyses confirmed one construct for satisfaction; and two constructs for the affect dimensions: positive affect (3 items) and reversed negative affect (5 items). ANOVAs revealed that residents aware of the 55+SG, an "older age" sport event, reported significantly higher levels of overall happiness and satisfaction than the control group. Moreover, the 55+SG showed significantly lower levels of negative emotions than the OSG and control group. The results do not strongly support the notion that different types of events affect residential happiness in different ways. Future research should explore the impacts of other types of sport events on residential happiness and well-being, and account for socio-demographic factors, involvement with the event, and the weather to more precisely discern the impacts of events on residential happiness.
Sport is a potential venue for more middle-aged adults to engage in sufficient physical activity for health benefits. Little is known about whether messaging interventions can motivate sport activity. This experiment tested the impact of gain-framed messaging (i.e., information about the benefits of doing adult sport) based on the inclusion (or lack thereof) of efficacy-enhancing information. Adults (30–69 years-old) were randomly assigned to experimental (a 4-min online video of “Gain-framed messages alone,” or “Gain-framed plus efficacy-enhancing messages”) or control conditions. Participants (N = 232; 62.5% female) completed baseline measures for intentions, barrier and scheduling self-efficacy, outcomes expectancies (OEs), sport behavior and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, received their condition 1-week later, reported measures immediately after, and 1-month later. Results showed no differences between the experimental conditions, indicating there was no advantage of supplemental efficacy-enhancing information compared to gain-framed messages alone. When the two messaging groups were collapsed, they showed significant increases for OEs related to travel, social affiliation, and stress relief immediately following experimental exposure, compared to the control group. Overall, there were few benefits attributed to messaging and no effects on self-reported sport registration or sport behavior. Discussion focuses on future messaging considerations that may more effectively motivate adult sport participation.
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