Most patients were treated with antifungals before presentation without resolution of nipple pain. Nifedipine appears to be an effective medication for the treatment of Raynaud phenomenon of the nipple. With appropriate management of Raynaud phenomenon,breastfeeding mothers demonstrated improvement of nipple pain. Raynaud phenomenon of the nipple should be considered in the differential diagnosis of nipple pain during lactation.
Clinical trials have recently demonstrated the effectiveness of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in preventing HIV infection. Consequently, PrEP may soon be used for epidemic control. We model the dynamic interactions that will occur between treatment programs and potential PrEP interventions in resource-constrained countries. We determine the consequences for HIV transmission and drug resistance. We use response hypersurface modeling to predict the effect of PrEP on decreasing transmission as a function of effectiveness, adherence and coverage. We predict PrEP will increase need for second-line therapies (SLT) for treatment-naïve individuals, but could significantly decrease need for SLT for treatment-experienced individuals. If the rollout of PrEP is carefully planned it could increase the sustainability of treatment programs. If not, need for SLT could increase and the sustainability of treatment programs could be compromised. Our results show the optimal strategy for rolling out PrEP in resource-constrained countries is to begin around the “worst” treatment programs.
Dermatoses of the breast during lactation can be difficult to diagnose because of their overlapping clinical appearances. It is important to properly diagnose and treat nipple dermatitis since it can be a significant source of pain when nursing. Poorly controlled nipple pain in nursing mothers is one of the primary reasons for breastfeeding to be discontinued earlier than is recommended. Therefore, it is relevant for practicing dermatologists to be aware of certain facts in a patient's history, specific physical exam findings, and the most appropriate laboratory tests used to diagnose these conditions. In addition, the therapeutic approach should be effective and safe for the mother and infant. This review article provides dermatologists with a detailed discussion on the clinical features and management of various breast dermatoses seen in lactation, including atopic dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, psoriasis, bacterial infections, yeast infections and herpes simplex virus infections.
The nuclear fraction of the ProteoExtract subcellular fractionation kit was assessed using frozen rat liver and heart tissue. Fractionation was evaluated by western blot using protein markers for various subcellular compartments and followed up with LC/MS/MS analysis of the nuclear fractions. Of the proteins identified, nuclear proteins were in the minority (less than 15%) and there was poor representation of the various nuclear substructures when compared to liver nuclear isolations using a classical density-based centrifugation protocol. The ProteoExtract kit demonstrated poor specificity for the nucleus and offers limited promise for proteomics investigations of the nuclear subproteome in frozen tissue samples. KeywordsFractionation; ProteoExtract; cardiac muscle; liver Prefractionation strategies allow for in-depth analyses by isolating or enriching a subset of proteins (subproteome) that may otherwise be below the threshold of detection and/or obscured by a complex proteome [1][2][3][4]. This is particularly useful when dealing with samples that have a broad dynamic range, where differences of up to 6-10 orders of magnitude can exist between the most and least abundant proteins, such as in serum or cardiac tissue [5,6]. A major consideration when designing a prefractionation strategy for a proteomic investigation is a protocol's capacity to enrich or purify a particular subproteome as these parameters reflect the extent to which contamination can be tolerated and establishes the limits of data interpretation. Therefore, any new protocols, including those commercially available, must be evaluated to establish the degree of purification and reproducibility of the method for a given sample type.Several fractionation strategies exist for separating and enriching the various cellular structures and classes of proteins for proteomic investigation [1]. In the case of subcellular fractionation, classical methods involving differential or isopycnic centrifugation have been used to separate and isolate individual organellar or soluble components [7]. Alternatively, a chemical or solubility-based separation can be used to produce fractions of differing protein composition [8][9][10]. In this study, we evaluate the enrichment and quality of the nuclear subproteome derived from frozen liver and heart tissue samples using the commercially available ProteoExtract subcellular fractionation kit (Calbiochem-EMD Biosciences, San Diego CA, USA). Successive extraction buffers are proposed to isolate four distinct subproteomes -cytosolic, membrane/organelle, nuclear and cytoskeletal -an approach indicative of that used by other extraction-based kits. Our goal was to assess the suitability of the nuclear fraction for use in subsequent proteomic studies. As a reference, proposed nuclear fractions were compared with a well-characterized classic density-based isolation of intact liver nuclei [11,12].Tissue extractions were carried out using the ProteoExtract kit on 25-50 mg of frozen rat liver (n=3) or heart (n=3) tissue (Pe...
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