Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiology, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both (1). The cost of diabetes care is high and escalating worldwide. The number of people with diabetes is increasing in every country. Half of the people with diabetes are not aware that they have it, and four out of five people with diabetes live in low-and middleincome countries. Half of the people who die from diabetes are aged less than 60 years (2,3).According to the World Health Organization, the prevalence of diabetes in adults has increased worldwide, and the number is expected to rise from 135 million in 1995 to 300 million by the year 2025 (4). According to Rao et al., 32 million patients had diabetes in India in 2005, which might increase to 80 million by the year 2030 (5). According to Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, this disorder is the most prevalent in South Asia, especially in India, which has earned the unwelcome title of the "Diabetes Capital" of the world with 41 million individuals with diabetes (6). The number of people living with diabetes in India currently is around 69.2 million (7).This disorder is frequently associated with long-term complications such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, chronic renal failure, and ketoacidosis. It is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality owing to its complications. Due ABSTRACT Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major health concern in the 21st century, which is largely preventable but remains responsible for millions of deaths annually and many life-threatening complications. The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the efficacy of Withania coagulans Dunal and Eugenia jambolana Lam with that of standard control metformin in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus.This was a randomized open study with standard control. A total of 60 diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly allocated in the test (n = 30) and control groups (n = 30). Test drug, a combination of E. jambolana (6 g in powder form) and oral infusion of W. coagulans (10 pieces), and control drug metformin (500 mg) were administered to the participants twice daily for 90 days. The subjective parameters were assessed at every follow-up, blood sugar was recorded at a monthly interval, while hemoglobin A1c, RFT, and lipid profile were recorded at baseline and at the termination of the trial. The study outcome was analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. The test drug showed significant improvement at par to the control drug in subjective (polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue, and weight loss) and objective (blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, RFT, serum cholesterol, and serum triglyceride) parameters without any side effects or toxicity. The study inferred that the drug was safe and effective in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The use of Ḥijāmah dates back to 3500 BC in Egypt, with records in Ebers Papyrus. But in the last two decades, Ḥijāmah is gaining its due acceptance in the management of different neuromuscular and pain disorders. For sciatica, Ḥijāmah is advised over the sciatic nerve. Ḥijāmah with 2 cups (over the gluteal area and thigh/ over calf muscle and below the ankle), with 5 cups and even with 9 cups may be done in patients of sciatica. These different settings/ protocols of Ḥijāmah in patients with sciatica show a significant reduction in pain and disability. Ḥijāmah for lower back pain is indicated on acupuncture points BL23, BL24, and BL25 by application of 2 cups on each site, either simultaneously or in a phased manner (in 3 sittings on weekly basis; cupping at one site at once, followed by next point in the next week). According to the Persian traditional method, Ḥijāmah between the scapula (on day 0), then at the sacrum (on day 3) and over the calf muscle (on day 6) gives good results in lower back pain. Ḥijāmah (wet cupping) over the painful area of the neck with multiple cups (2-6) in a single sitting is the preferred method for non-specific neck pain. Even Ḥijāmah without scarification (Ḥijāmahbila Sharṭ) has a short-term effect in all such conditions, but Ḥijāmah (wet cupping) gives spontaneous as well as long-term benefits in almost all neuromuscular and other pain disorders. Therefore, Ḥijāmah comes as a better alternative with minimally invasive procedures for most neuromuscular disorders.
Chronic tonsillitis is a common disease found worldwide mostly in school going children. There are many challenges in the management of chronic tonsillitis especially in refractory cases. There are many single as well compound drugs for the management of tonsillitis which are being used for a longer duration without any known side effect. A randomized open comparative study was designed to validate the efficacy of two very commonly prescribed formulations in the patients of chronic tonsillitis viz. Laooq Sapistan Khyar Shambari and Sharbat Toot Siyah. Laooq Sapistan Khyar Shambari 6 gm and Sharbat Toot Siyah 20 ml were given orally twice a day to the patients of Group A & Group B respectively for 6 weeks continuously. The data was compiled and statistically analyzed using chi square test and paired t-test. In test group A, maximum benefit was seen in Sore throat (p<0.0001, χ2 =48.81), followed by Irritation in throat (p<0.0001, χ2 =17.23), Pain in throat (p<0.0001, χ2 =17.23), dry cough (p=0.0002, χ2 =14.35) and dysphagia (p=0.0076, χ2 =7.12). In test group B, maximum benefit was observed in sore throat (p=0.0076, χ2 =7.12), followed by notable improvement in irritation in throat (p=0.0014, χ2 =10.15), and pain in throat (p=0.0098, χ2 =6.67). Although both Laooq Sapistan Khyar Shambari and Sharbat Toot Siyah are effective, but Laooq Sapistan Khyar Shambari is a better option for the management of chronic tonsillitis; as it relives most of the symptoms & signs very effectively and safely. Keywords: Chronic tonsillitis, Unani formulation, Laooq Sapistan Khyar Shambari, Sharbat Toot Siyah
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an acute infectious disease caused by infection with a novel coronavirus SARSCoV-2. The disease severity can range from mild to developing into critical with pneumonia and even life-threatening complications such as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), shock, or multi-organ system dysfunction. The clinical picture of Nazla-e-Wabaiya is almost similar to that of Covid-19 like body ache, sore throat, nasal irritation, burning sensation in eyes sneezing, cough, and fever. As per the Unani scholars, the prophylaxis and management include various single and compound drugs to be used orally. They also prescribed various drugs as disinfectants to be used for fumigation, incense, and spray. Ibn Sina advised that houses should be sanitized daily by spraying Arq Gulab (Rosa damascene), Arq Bed Sada (Salix caprea), or Arq Nilofer (Nymphaea alba) and recommended Bukhoor (incense) of Sa'ad Kufi (Cyperusrotundus), Habb-ul-Aas (Myrtuscommunis), Kundur (Boswelliaserrata), and Sandalwood (Santalum spp.). For the treatment of Nazla-e-Wabaiya, the decoction (Joshanda) of Unnab, Sapistan, and Behidana along with Sharbat Banafsha have been recommended by many eminent Unani scholars. They have also recommended using various types of Khamiras like Khamira Gaozaban, Khamira Abresham SheeraUnnabWala, Khamira Marwareed to improve general health and immunity.
Warm-e-Lauztain (Tonsillitis) being very common clinical condition affecting mostly the school going children is the one of the important reason to visit a doctor frequently. Diagnostic features and findings on clinical examination are described very clearly in classical texts of Unani medicine, e.g. if the tonsillitis is caused due to abnormality of khilt-e-dam (humour sanguine), it is expressed by severe pain in the throat, fever, redness of eyes and face, sweetish taste in mouth etc.; if it is due to khilt-e-safra (humour bile), then it is characterized by severe pain in the throat, difficulty in the swelling, high grade fever, dryness, paleness of face; if there is imbalance in khilt-e-balgham (humour phlegm), there will be soft whitish swollen tonsils associated with paresis and softness of the tongue; tonsillitis due to the abnormality in khilt-e-sauda (humour black bile) exhibit hard swelling of tonsils encroached into the tongue and surrounding tissues. On examination, if there is much congestion and redness on the tonsils or it is black in colure and hard in consistency then surgical procedure should be avoided. Always first emphasis should be given for medical treatment, if it fails then opt surgical management. When the acute inflammation (warm-e-haar) has been subsided and the base of swelling is soft and thin, than it is suitable time for tonsillectomy. Surgical procedure is also described by Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi and others in detail. Therefore it may be concluded that scholars of Unani medicine were much aware about the signs & symptoms of chronic tonsillitis; they were able to diagnose the disease clinically and were expert enough to assess the condition, whether requiring medical management or surgical intervention. Surgeons of that time knew clear-cut indications and contraindications for surgical intervention along with the procedure of tonsillectomy Keywords: Warm-e-lauztain, Tonsillitis, Unani classical, Treatment, surgery
Sciatica is a type of neuropathic pain and commonest variation of low back pain. It is known by a range of terms in the literature, such as lumbo sacral radicular syndrome, radiculopathy, nerve root pain and nerve root entrapment or irritation etc. The intense leg pain may be accompanied by neurological changes of muscle weakness and wasting, sensory changes in the nerve root distribution. There may be intra-spinal, intra-pelvic and extra-pelvic causes compressing the nerve and producing inflammation. In Unani medicine the term “Irq-un-Nasa” is used to describe such pain that initiates from lower back and radiates up 4,5 to knee or ankle joint posterolaterally. Most of the Unani scholars have mentioned it as a subtype of Wajaul Mafasil. The most common cause is the infiltration (nufooz) of abnormal homours in the fluid of hip joint, such as Ghair tabayi Balgham, Safra or Dam or admixture of Balgham and Safra, such infiltration for a prolonged period result into Tahajjur-e-Mafasil and even Irq-un-Nasa. Whenever the nerve becomes weak due to any reason the susceptibility for the accumulation of any morbid matter is increased. There may be sue mizaj damwi/ safravi/ balghami/ saudawi as active cause of Irq-un-Nasa. By now it is understood that this is the disease of nerve, and it is diagnosed and managed accordingly.
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