Residue levels of seven organophosphorus pesticides in two vegetables (eggplant and
cauliflower) collected from major markets of Dhaka city, Bangladesh were analysed. The
collected samples were analysed using a modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged,
and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction technique by Gas Chromatography coupled with Flame
Thermionic Detector (GC-FTD). Among the 50 analysed samples of the eggplant 12%
samples contained residues of chlorpyrifos (0.384~0.980 mg/kg), 6% samples contained
residue of dimethoate (0.052~0.132 mg/kg) and 2% samples contained residue of diazinon
(0.01 mg/kg). Whereas, among the 50 samples of cauliflower, 12% samples contained
residues of chlorpyrifos (0.056~0.540 mg/kg), 8% samples contained residues of diazinon
(0.033~0.42 mg/kg) and 2% samples contained residues of quinalphos (0.06 mg/kg). The
chlorpyrifos was found as the most frequently detected organophosphorus pesticide.
Among the 21 contaminated samples, 20 were above EU-MRL. Short and long-term
health risk assessment based on ARfD and ADI indicates that the intake risks of eggplant
and cauliflower were in the acceptable range. Nevertheless, establishing strong monitoring
and traceability system together with controlling pre-harvest interval needed to ensure
food safety, consumer confidence and promote vegetable export from Bangladesh.
Organophosphorus pesticides are one of the most commonly used pesticide classes in
agriculture in the management of insect pests due to their high efficacy. The extensive use
of organophosphorus pesticides can contaminate both the atmosphere and food, which
may lead to health problems. In this study, the residue level of organophosphorus
pesticides, and their health risk assessment was evaluated on country bean and bitter
gourd. Out of forty analysed samples of the country bean, two samples contained
multiple residues, seven samples contained single residue. On the other hand, out of forty
samples of bitter gourd, one sample contained multiple residues and three samples
contained single residue. Among the organophosphorus pesticides, diazinon was the most
frequently detected organophosphorus pesticide in country bean and bitter gourd. The
highest short-term risks or acute risk (aHI) was below 1.83%, and the highest long-term
risk or chronic risk (HQs) was below 10.46% for the country bean and bitter gourd,
respectively. Short- and long-term risk assessment results showed that the intake risks of
country bean and bitter gourd were acceptable. The health hazard results showed that
country bean and bitter gourd consumption in Cumilla, Bangladesh does not pose an acute
or chronic risk to human health. However, a routine monitoring system must be
established to control the contamination of vegetables with pesticides.
Two new growth inhibitory compounds, 6-Odecanoyl-D-altrose and 6-O-decanoyl-D-gulose, were synthesized from D-altrose (C-2 epimer of D-allose) and Dgulose (C-4 epimer of D-allose), respectively, via lipasecatalyzed transesterification using vinyl decanoate. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity of 6-O-decanoyl-D-altrose and 6-O-decanoyl-D-gulose on different plant growths were examined. These two new rare sugar derivatives exhibited the inhibitory activity on the growth of cress, Italian rye grass, and rice seedlings similar to 6-O-decanoyl-D-allose, but in the case of lettuce, they showed the weaker inhibitory activity than 6-O-decanoyl-D-allose. In addition, we found that the co-addition of gibberellins (GAs) with a test solution of 6-O-decanoyl-D-altrose or 6-O-decanoyl-Dgulose on rice seedlings brought the recovery of inhibition. These results suggest that the D-altrose and D-gulose esters as well as the D-allose ester inhibited the biosynthesis of GAs to exhibit the plant growth inhibitory activity.
We describe the syntheses of three different deoxy-D-allose analogs [2-deoxy-d-allose (2-DOAll), 1,2-dideoxy-d-allose (1,2-DOAll), and 1,2-didehydro-1,2-dideoxy-d-allose (1,2-DHAll)] and their fatty acid esters via regioselective lipase-catalyzed transesterification. Among them, 2-DOAll and its decanoate (2-DOAll-C10) showed higher inhibitory activity on plant growth, which is similar to d-allose (All) [corrected] and its decanoate (All-C10). Bioassay results of deoxy-All-C10 on four plant species suggest that the hydroxy group at the C-1 position might be important showing growth inhibitory activity. In addition, co-addition of gibberellin (GA3) with 1,2-DHAll-C10 and 2-DOAll-C10 recovered plant growth, suggesting that they might mainly inhibit biosynthesis of gibberellin.
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