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Contrary to common practice we do not recommend nephrectomy for hydronephrotic kidneys which show < 10 % of renal function on renogram. The renal functional status improves significantly after a preliminary nephrostomy, thus avoiding the need for a straightforward nephrectomy in children along with all the possible long-term effects of a single kidney.

A male patient developed colitis and a thrombotic microangiopathy 3 weeks after renal transplantation. Immunosuppression at the time of presentation was with sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone, but without a calcineurin inhibitor. Cytomegalovirus infection was excluded. However, human herpesvirus-6 DNA was detected at high copy number in both blood and colonic epithelium. The patient recovered after reduction in immunosuppression, with nutritional support and ganciclovir therapy.

SUMMARYThis investigation used flow cytometry to monitor peripheral hlood lymphocyte morphology after rat small bowel transplinitation. Preliminary studies demonsirated that in vitro activated peripheral blood lymphocytes exhibited increased cell size and granularity as measured by flow cytometric analysis of forward (FSc) and side (SSc) light scatter characteristics. The formation of distinct 'activated" light scatter regions by such lymphoblastoid transformation occurred concomitantly with up-regulaied p55IL-2R expression. Heterotopic small bowel transplantation was performed between PVG donor and DA recipient rats without immunosuppression. Animals receiving isografts served as controls. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were identified using appropriate MoAbs. and the light scatter characteristics of each cell subset were determined by backgating strategies. Increased proportions of activated tt/ii T ceil receptor (TCR)-positive cells could be detected inallografted animalsasearly as day 2 post-transplantation. B cells showed peak activation by day 4. at which time the proportion of activated cells was over two-fold greater than that seen in untransplanted animals few activated B cells were detected in isografted animals. Resting natural killer (NK) cell light scatter regions only partially overlap with those of resting T and B lymphocytes, but in allografted animals almost the entire NK population fell outside the resting lymphocyte gate by day 2 post-transplantation, an activation state which was maintained until day 4. These findings associate peripheral blood cell subset lymphoblastoid transformation wilh developing small bowel allograft rejection. Importantly, changes were detected early and prior to the onset of overt rejection. These data suggest that analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte light scatter properties may provide an insight into in vivo immune status after small bowel transplantation.

Graphical abstract We analyze the operating performance of Community banks (CB) and Non-community Banks (NCB) three quarters before and three quarters after the Covid-19 outbreak. The horizontal axis shows the event quarter, where Quarter = 0 is the 4th quarter of 2019. We analyze the risk-taking adjustments of Community banks (CB) and Non-community Banks (NCB) three quarters before and three quarters after the Covid-19 outbreak. The horizontal axis shows the event quarter, where Quarter = 0 is the 4th quarter of 2019.