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The present study was designed to assess the health risk of pesticide residues via dietary intake of vegetables collected from four top agro-based markets of Dhaka, Bangladesh. High performance liquid chromatography with a photo diode array detector (HPLC-PDA) was used to determine six organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, parathion, ethion, acephate, fenthion), two carbamate (carbaryl and carbofuran) and one pyrethroid (cypermethrin) pesticide residues in twelve samples of three common vegetables (tomato, lady’s finger and brinjal). Pesticide residues ranged from below detectable limit (<0.01) to 0.36 mg/kg. Acephate, chlorpyrifos, ethion, carbaryl and cypermethrin were detected in only one sample, while co-occurrence occurred twice for fenitrothion and parathion. Apart from chlorpyrifos in tomato and cypermethrin in brinjal, all pesticide residues exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL). Hazard risk index (HRI) for ethion (10.12) and carbaryl (1.09) was found in lady’s finger and tomato, respectively. Rest of the pesticide residues were classified as not a health risk. A continuous monitoring and strict regulation should be enforced regarding control of pesticide residues in vegetables and other food commodities.

Aim: The effect of the current COVID-19 pandemic on the education system of Bangladesh and its possible solution is the focus of the present study. Design: The study employed a descriptive survey research design. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted through all the districts of Bangladesh from 8 March (2020) to 30 July (2020) accordingly. Methodology:  Descriptive survey with the interactive interview via online in the pandemic area and offline field works for collecting data in possible places were the main structural design of this research. Results: The COVID-19 has affected worldwide education sectors by shutting down many institutes and temporarily pushing the majority of students out of school. Most countries have temporarily closed their educational institutions to control the COVID-19 pandemic. In Bangladesh, near 40 million students are now out of school, until the epidemic returns to normal. Besides this universal disruption, out-school learning deprivation varies depending on the socio-economic status of the mass population, their access to technology, parental capabilities, and so on. Most countries are using online or satellite television platforms to deliver education during the pandemic, which is not enough to meet the contrasting levels. Although, developed countries (first and second world) are making good strides with online teaching while struggles are seen in rest (third-world countries). This article highlights how COVID-19 is affecting the education sector and students in Bangladesh. Undoubtedly, the most immediate impact of the Covid-19 on students of Bangladesh is abruptions in learning opportunities with multiple other aspects. Despite earnest government attempts, COVID-19 is adversely affecting students in Bangladesh for several significant reasons. Conclusion: Collective responses and analysis revealed that not technologies but also technicalities are needed to run the education system smoothly besides this pandemic situation accordingly.

BackgroundComplementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is a combination of herbal medicine, traditional therapies, and mind-body intervention. This descriptive study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, perception and self-use of CAM among Bangladeshi undergraduate pharmacy students. The study also evaluated their opinions about its integration into the pharmacy course curriculum.MethodsIt was a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study conducted on 250 pharmacy students of five reputed public universities of Bangladesh.ResultsThis study revealed that majority of the pharmacy students were using or had previously used at least one type of CAM. Among the students, 59% had used homeopathy followed by Ayurveda (30%), meditation (29%), massage (13%), Unani (9%), yoga (6%) and acupuncture (2%). Students’ attitudes towards CAM were influenced by family and friends, books and journals, the internet and to a lesser degree by health practitioners. A significant (p < 0.05) number of students had knowledge about CAM. A majority of the students (90%) had positive, while 10% had negative attitudes towards CAM. Lack of knowledge and trained professionals were found to be the major interruptions to CAM use. 84.45% acknowledged the importance of knowledge about CAM for them as future healthcare practitioners. Furthermore, the majority of the students also believed that ideas and methods of CAM would be beneficial for conventional medicine.ConclusionsFrom the findings of the study, it can be recommended that an approach should be taken to educate the students about the fundamentals of CAM use so that it may fulfill the professional needs of our future pharmacists.

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