Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging viral disease of cattle that negatively impacts livestock by reducing animals' production and increasing management costs. Like other countries, Bangladesh has also faced the ominous effects of LSD. Because of this pressing concern, the present study was undertaken to determine the attack rate and risk factors along with economic losses of the recent LSD outbreaks from October 2019 to June 2020 in Bangladesh's Mymensingh and Gaibandha districts. A total of 1187 cattle from 150 randomly selected cattle farms were surveyed. The diagnosis was made both clinically and molecularly. The overall attack rate, mortality and case fatality were 34%, 1.10% and 3.23%, respectively, but in calves up to 1 month of age, the attack rate, mortality and case‐fatality were 41.6%, 12.5% and 30%, respectively. In risk factor analysis using multiple logistic regression, the following factors were significantly (p < .05) associated with LSD occurrence: no administration of goat pox vaccine, frequency of goat pox vaccination – single dose, introduction of new cattle, land type (low land and medium‐high land), use of common syringe and needle, and use of common utensils. The average economic loss per case was 9384.41 BDT (110.40 US $). The higher economic loss per case was accounted in Mymensingh district (10248.91 BDT ≈ 120.58 US $) than Gaibandha district (8211.52 BDT ≈ 96.61 US $). The loss was higher in crossbred cattle (9709.58 BDT ≈ 114.23 US $) compared to indigenous cattle (7595.94 BDT ≈ 89.36 US $). The total estimated annual loss due to LSD in Mymensingh and Gaibandha districts was 7763.25 million BDT (91.33 million US $). In Gaibandha district, the estimated annual loss was 2666.20 million BDT (31.37 million US $) while in Mymensingh district it was 5097.05 million BDT (59.97 million US $). Findings of the study could provide useful epidemiological data with losses incurred due to LSD to the livestock owners, field veterinarians and government‐level livestock regulators, which will help to formulate prevention and control strategies and minimize the negative impact of LSD's probable return or spread.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the second largest parasitic killer of human in the world after malaria which is responsible for an estimated 500,000 new cases of VL in each year with 8-10% mortality. The parasite is transmissible to humans and animals by the bite of phlebotomine sand fly. The clinical manifestations are highly diverse, humans and dogs are naturally infected, and the diseases are associated with several risk factors, yet to understand. The aims of this study were to apply traditional and molecular detection tools and more emphasis was given to identify goat as a carrier of visceral leishmaniasis. To demonstrate the promastigote and amastigote phases of Leishmania in tissues, traditional impression smear staining technique was used. For the confirmation of the species of Leishmania involved specific technique like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied. A total of twenty goats were investigated and samples were tested using impression smear staining, histopathology and PCR. Blood smear and impression smears were prepared from spleen, liver, bone marrow and stained with Giemsa's stain. Using Giemsa's staining out of twenty goats investigated, six (6/20) were found to contain promastigote and amastigote stages of Leishmania in their visceral organs. Histopathological examination from the liver section of suspected goats showed degeneration, necrosis and non specific fibrous connective tissue proliferation compared to non-reactive goats. There was accumulation of macrophages in lymphoid follicles of spleen in five suspected goats. A highly sensitive and specific primers were used in PCR amplification with the extracted DNA from liver and spleen of suspected six goats. Results of PCR showed that two of them were generated 145bp amplicon selective for L. donovani in their liver and spleen. Leishmaniasis has a great public health significance and the protozoa found in goats of Fulbaria Upazilla may possess threat for transmission in human and other animals, require further investigation.
Dogs are common carnivor and scavenger at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) campus. Dogs may carry many infectious and zoonotic diseases and could play a role in transmitting those diseases in other carnivors and human as well . At day time cats, dogs and golden jackals are found to eat in a same dustbin at BAU campus. So it is possible to share diseases of each other and there are possibilities of crossing species barrier. This study was, therefore, aimed at specific investigation of the occurrence of leishmaniasis, canine distemper (CD), infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) and avian influenza (AI) of dogs at BAU campus. This study was carried out during the period from January to June/ 2012. A total of 10 apparently healthy dogs were euthanatized and postmortem examination were carried out. Impression smears were prepared from spleen, liver, bone marrow and stained with Giemsa's stain . Histopathological studies were conducted using routine procedures. For molecular characterization, polymerase chain reaction (P CR) and Reverse Transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) were adopted for the detection of genomic fragment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), canine distemper (CD), infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) and avian influenza (AI, viral matrix protein gene). Results of this study showed the presence of leishmania organism in the impression smears of eight dogs. Using PCR amplification technique, Leishmania donovani specific genomic DNA (145bp) was detected in two dogs . PCR amplification of genomic DNA of ICH ( 411bp) and RT-PCR amplification of genomic RNA of CD (287bp) and matrix protein gene of AI (245bp) were not detected in any of the dogs of BAU campus. Future work is needed to explore the presence of snad flies (vector of VL) in the investigating areas and establish role of street dogs of BAU campus towards disseminating leishmaniasis in other animals and human beings.
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