There was a synchronous and significant decrease in marine survival of coho salmon in the Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound, and off the coast from California to Washington after 1989. This large‐scale, synchronous change indicates that trends in coho marine survivals were linked over the southern area of their distribution in the north‐east Pacific, and that these linkages were associated with a common event. Indicators of large‐scale climate change (the Aleutian Low Pressure Index) and of recent regional climate change (the April flows from the Fraser River) also changed abruptly about the same time. The synchrony of trends in marine survival of aggregates of coho stocks from three distinct marine areas and trends in climate indices implies that climate/ocean changes can have profound impacts on the population dynamics of coho salmon. The trend towards low marine survival may persist as long as the trends in the climate indicators do not change.
Climate–ocean regimes in the north‐east Pacific translate into decadal‐scale patterns in the relative success of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria). By combining estimates of year class abundance determined from commercial catches and research surveys for adults and juveniles, we were able to construct an index of year class success. Year classes from 1960 to 1976 were generally below average, with little indication of good year class success. The 1977 year class was exceptionally large and year classes from 1978 to 1990 were generally above average. Year classes following 1990 were generally below average. The periods with above‐average year classes were generally characterized by intense Aleutian Lows, above‐average frequency of south‐westerly winds and warmer coastal sea surface temperatures off the west coast of Vancouver Island. Decadal‐scale patterns in the production of sablefish suggest stability in long‐term periods of similar recruitment but different mean levels of productivity across periods. However, rapid shifts between periods remain unpredictable and therefore complicate the incorporation of decadal‐scale dynamics in management.
Objective To assess the histological changes found in (seven), chronic inflammation (15) with prominent plasma cell infiltrates (11), variable foreign-body patients with long-term external sphincter, prostatic and urethral stents. granuloma (two) and microabscess formation (five), usually associated with clefts formed around the stent Patients and methods Eighteen patients with long-term stents (mean time since insertion 3.5 years) were wires (three of five). Conclusion Stents become incorporated into the urethral investigated. Three had external sphincter stents for detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia secondary to spinal wall by a process of polypoid hyperplasia through the stent mesh, with at least focal covering of the stent in injury, eight had prostatic stents for obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia and seven had most cases, and with variable inflammatory infiltrates, most of which are rich in plasma cells. The urothelial urethral stents for recurrent strictures. Nine stents were occluded at investigation, of which seven were and connective tissue proliferation resulted in obstruction of the stent lumen in nine of the patients studied. entirely removed. The mucosae overlying the remaining two were biopsied, as were mucosae over the nine Further long-term study is necessary to exclude the development of carcinoma in patients with keratinizpatent stents, at urethroscopy. Results The changes observed included polypoid ing squamous metaplasia, although no malignancy was seen in this study. hyperplasia (11 of 18 patients) between and around the stent mesh wires, nonkeratinizing squamous metaKeywords Urethral stent, hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia plasia (two) or hyperkeratotic squamous metaplasia age and time in situ of the stents for all patients and the
Objective: To estimate the prevalence of high-risk sexual behaviours among Jamaican adults and evaluate associations with sociodemographic and religious factors. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study, using a nationally representative sample of Jamaicans, 15−74 years old. Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire including questions on sexual activity, sociodemographic factors and religious practice. Having two or more sexual partners in the past year, non-use of condoms among persons with multiple partners and a history of previous sexually transmitted infection (STI) were the high-risk characteristics considered in the analysis. We obtained crude and category specific prevalence estimates for high-risk behaviour and estimated odds ratios for association with sociodemographic and religious factors. Results: Data from 2833 participants who reported on sexually activity were analysed. Approximately 25% (95% CI 22, 27) of Jamaican adults had two or more sexual partners in the past year, while 15% (95% CI 13, 17) had a past history of an STI. Approximately 6% (95% CI 5, 7) of persons with multiple partners did not use condoms during sexual intercourse. Overall, 32% (95% CI 30, 35) had any one of the three high-risk characteristics (male, 48%; female, 17%, p < 0.001). Being married, active religious practice and weekly attendance at religious meetings were associated with lower odds of high-risk sexual behaviour, while being in a visiting relationship was associated with higher odds of high-risk behaviour. Conclusion: A third of Jamaicans reported sexual practices that increase their risk of HIV infection. High-risk sexual behaviour was more common among men. Being married and weekly attendance at religious services were associated with lower odds of high-risk behaviour.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.