S u m m a r y Medicinal plants are considered to be new resources for the production of agents that could act as alternatives to antibiotics in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of some plants native to Syria in the treatment of brucellosis. In vitro activities of some essential oils and plant extracts of some medicinal plants against 89 Brucella melitensis isolates was determined by disc diffusion method at a concentration of 5%. The microdilution assay in the fluid medium was used to determine the MICs of essential oils and plant extracts. Among the evaluated herbs, only Thymus syriacus and Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oils and Laurus nobilis plant extract showed a high activity against B . melitensis strains. Thus, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC 50 ) values for T . syriacus, C . zeylanicum, and L . nobilis against B . melitensis were 6.25, 3.125 and 6.25 µl/ml, respectively. Among studied essential oils and plant extracts, T . syriacus and C . zeylanicum essential oils, and L . nobilis plant extract were the most effective ones. Moreover, T . syriacus -C . zeylanicum combination was more effective than use of each of them alone. Then, T . syriacus and C . zeylanicum essential oils and L . nobilis plant extract could act as bactericidal agents against B . melitensis.
Brucellosis is an endemic zoonosis in Syria, affecting large numbers of animals and there are an increasing number of cases in humans. The aim of this study is to investigate the in vitro efficacy of various traditional and new antibiotics against 89 Brucella isolates (isolated from domestic animals) collected from different Syrian regions. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of seventeen antibiotics were determined. Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin were the most effective antibiotics, whereas sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, doxycycline and tetracycline had a moderate activity. In contrast, moxifloxacin and rifampicin had a low activity, while streptomycin, spiramycin and cephalosporines were ineffective. As a result, we come to the conclusion that a combination between one effective quinolone and doxycycline has a good efficacy against Brucella. Further in vivo studies are necessary to support this suggestion.
Background Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a bacterium that is classified as opportunistic pathogens in hospitals, especially in immunocompromised patients and children. Regarding their role as pathogens, some studies in the last two decades have shown their involvement in many human infections, especially in intensive care units (1,2). A. baumannii colonizes the skin and upper respiratory tracts. It is isolated from urine, sputum, blood, and feces. In addition, it is usually found in hospitals on different surfaces. In other words, they are isolated from different locations within the hospitals (e.g., air, water faucets, bedsides, gloves, and catheters). Historically, this type of infection is associated with war-wounded due to the direct contamination of wounds in the surrounding environment. For example, it was the most isolated Gramnegative bacterium from the wounds of those wounded in the Vietnam War, as well as the case with those wounded in the US war in Iraq. Recent reports indicate an increased incidence of septicemia in military hospital patients (2). A. baumannii exhibits high resistance against most antibiotic groups because it owns genes that encode inhibitory enzymes (3). For example, carbapenemresistant A. baumannii strains show high resistance to most antibiotics, particularly beta-lactamase groups (4), because these strains own bla OXA-51-like and bla OXA-23-like genes which encode enzymes that inhibit the action of these antibiotics (5). Further, other studies demonstrated that most clinical isolates of A. baumannii were resistant to most cephalosporins (6), and this bacterium was also completely resistant to aztreonam, cefotaxime in addition to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination (7). Essential oils and plant extracts are used as new sources of antibacterial and antimicrobial agents in many fields (8), which include food preservation (9), pharmaceuticals, alternative medicine, and natural treatments (10-11). Furthermore, many plant extracts and oils are commonly used as medicinal plants in Syria for several purposes, especially for respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders. Considering the above-mentioned explanations, this study aimed to conduct a survey on the antibacterial activity of several antibiotics and essential oils, in vitro, against the isolates of A. baumannii obtained from children. Materials and Methods Identification of Bacteria Two hundred and one samples were collected from Children's Hospital of Damascus, Damascus, Syria from different sources (e.g., skin abscesses, bronchial secretions, urine, pharyngeal smears, and blood) during
This study was under taken to observe various treatment methods for brucellosis caused byBrucella melitensis. The effect of therapeutic regimens with ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and levofloxacinalone or in combination with doxycycline was assessed against B. melitensis chronic infection using200 mice. Doxycycline alone or in combination with ciprofloxacin was significantly found to reduce theinfection till 135 days post-infection (p<0.0001). Moreover, doxycycline was more effective than ciprofloxacinand ofloxacin 135 days post-infection (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively). However, treatment withquinolone-doxycycline combinations revealed synergistic effects as they were able to reduce the spleniccell forming unit (CFU) from day 45 post-infection. Similarly, doxycycline treatment reduced the spleniccolony forming unit (CFU) from day 90 post-infection. In conclusion, doxycycline seems to be the mosteffective agent against Brucella chronic infection.
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