VO(2peak) at baseline and changes in response to training were closely linked with indices of LSDs.

on behalf of the J-RHYTHM Registry Investigators* Background--To clarify the influence of hypertension and blood pressure (BP) control on thromboembolism and major hemorrhage in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, a post hoc analysis of the J-RHYTHM Registry was performed.

There is no exercise training regimen broadly available in the field to increase physical fitness and prevent lifestyle-related diseases in middle-aged and older people. We have developed interval walking training (IWT) repeating five or more sets of 3 min fast walking at ≥70% peak aerobic capacity for walking (wV O 2 peak ) per day with intervening 3 min slow walking at 40% wV O 2 peak , for ≥4 days week −1 , for ≥5 months. Moreover, to determine wV O 2 peak in individuals and also to measure their energy expenditure even while incline walking, we have developed a portable calorimeter. Further, to instruct subjects on IWT even if they live remotely from the trainers, we have developed e-Health Promotion System. This transfers individual energy expenditure during IWT stored on the meter to a central server through the internet; it sends back the achievement to individuals along with advice generated automatically by the sever according to a database on ≥4000 subjects. Where we found that 5 months of IWT increased physical fitness and improved the indices of lifestyle-related diseases by 10-20% on average. Since our system is run at low cost with fewer staff for more subjects, it enables us to develop exercise prescriptions appropriate for individuals.

Due to the reduced physical activity of patients who have undergone total hip arthroplasty (THA), there are no home-based exercise training regimens for preventing muscle atrophy and aerobic capacity impairment in these patients. We examined whether interval walking training (IWT) could prevented these issues. Twenty-eight female patients (∼60 years of age) who had undergone THA more than 2 months prior were randomly divided into IWT (n = 14) and control (CNT, n = 14) groups. The IWT subjects trained at a target of 60 min of fast walking at >70% peak aerobic capacity for walking (O2peak) per wk for 12 wk, while those in the CNT maintained their previous sedentary life during the same period. We measured the energy expenditure of the daily physical activity, except during sleeping and bathing, every minute and every day during the intervention. We also measured the isometric knee extension (FEXT) and flexion (FFLX) forces, O2peak, and anaerobic threshold during the graded cycling exercise (O2AT) before and after the intervention. All subjects, except for one in IWT, completed the protocol. FFLX increased by 23% on the operated side (P = 0.003) and 14% on the non-operated side of IWT (P = 0.006), while it only increased on the operated side of CNT (P = 0.03). The O2peak and O2AT in IWT increased by 8% (P = 0.08) and 13% (P = 0.002), respectively, and these changes were significantly higher in the IWT than in CNT group (both, P<0.05). In conclusion, IWT might be an effective home-based training regimen for preventing the muscle atrophy from reduced daily physical activity in THA patients.Trial RegistrationUMIN-CTR UMIN000013172

In Japan, the incidence of heat illness in older people has rapidly increased during midsummer in the last decade, and we suggested that whey-protein+carbohydrate supplementation during aerobic training would increased plasma volume (PV) to enhance thermoregulatory adaptation in older men ( J Appl Physiol 107: 725-733, 2009); however, >60% of people age 65 and older suffer from hypertension, and the symptoms may be worsened by hypervolemia. To examine this, we randomly divided 21 older men (∼69 yr) with ∼160 mmHg for systolic and ∼90 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure at rest into two groups: Glc ( n = 11) consuming glucose alone (25 g) and Pro-Glc ( n = 10) consuming whey protein (10 g) + glucose (15 g), immediately after cycling exercise at 60–75% of peak aerobic capacity (V̇o2 peak) for 60 min/day, 3 days/wk, for 8 wk. Before and after training, we measured PV (dye dilution), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) of heart rate (Valsalva maneuver), and carotid arterial compliance (CAC) from carotid arterial diameter (ultrasound imaging) responses to pulsatile arterial pressure change (photoplethysmography) at rest. Additionally, we measured esophageal temperature (Tes) and forearm skin blood flow (plethysmography) during exercise at 60% pretraining V̇o2 peak for 20 min in a warm environment. We found that the forearm skin vascular conductance response to increased Tes was enhanced in Pro-Glc with increased PV, but this was not found in Glc; however, despite the increased PV, arterial blood pressures rather decreased with increased CAC and BRS in Pro-Glc. Thus, the prescription was applicable to older men with hypertension to prevent heat illness during exercise.

Abstract-We assessed whether single nucleotide polymorphism rs1042615 of the vasopressin V1a receptor altered the indices of lifestyle-related diseases in middle-aged and older people (meanϮSD: 64Ϯ7 years), and, if so, whether it also altered the effects of interval walking training (IWT). CC, CT, and TT carriers of rs1042615 (42, 118, and 64 men, respectively; 113, 263, and 154 women, respectively) performed IWT. We included 5 sets of 3-minute fast walking at Ն70% peak aerobic capacity for walking and 3-minute slow walking at 40% peak aerobic capacity per day for Ն4 days per week for 5 months. Before IWT, the body mass index and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) for men were 25.1Ϯ0.3 kg/m 2 (meanϮSE) and 84Ϯ1 mm Hg in TT, higher than the 23.6Ϯ0.4 kg/m 2 and 78Ϯ1 mm Hg in CC, respectively (PϽ0.01), differences that disappeared after IWT despite similar training achievement between groups (PϾ0.6). After IWT, body mass index and DBP decreased in TT (Ϫ0.9Ϯ0.1 kg/m 2 and Ϫ5Ϯ1 mm Hg, respectively), more than in CC (Ϫ0.5Ϯ0.1 kg/m 2 and 1Ϯ1 mm Hg, respectively; PϽ0.05), with a greater decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in TT than CC carriers (PϽ0.01). The decreases in DBP and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were still greater in TT carriers even after adjustment for their pretraining values. On the other hand, for women, these parameters before IWT and their changes after IWT were similar among CC, CT, and TT carriers. Thus, polymorphism rs1042615 of the V1a receptor altered body mass index and DBP in middle-aged and older men and the training-induced responses of DBP and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, whereas women did not show any of these responses. Key Words: exercise training Ⅲ elderly Ⅲ hypertension Ⅲ obesity Ⅲ cholesterol Ⅲ receptors Ⅲ vasopressin Ⅲ polymorphism A ccumulated evidence suggests the importance of obesity prevention to protect against age-and lifestyle-related diseases, such as hypertension. [1][2][3][4] Although exercise training has been highlighted as one of the most effective strategies, 4 -7 few studies have assessed how gene polymorphisms affect interindividual variation in response to exercise training in a large population of middle-aged and older people. 8 This might be because there have been no uniformly and broadly available exercise training regimens calibrated to their individual physical fitness with few limitations on time and place. Without such a regimen, it might have been difficult to distinguish which caused the interindividual variation in the effects of exercise training, genetic or training regimen differences.Recently, we have developed an exercise training regimen fitted to individual physical fitness broadly available in middle-aged and older people by combining interval walking training (IWT) and an information technology network system to track exercise intensity in individuals. 9,10 Because the IWT regimen is so simple and because training achievements can be measured precisely by triaxial accelerometry, 11 they have enabled us to seek polymorphisms...

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