Circulation Journal Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society http://www. j-circ.or.jp ing this period. 8-10 Therefore, the association of obesity with CVD remains to be investigated, especially in terms of differences in the association by time period as well as how the association (if any) would be mediated by the established risk factors. 11 Also, there may be differences in the threshold of BMI where significant BMI would be observed, because significant differences exist in the prevalence of obesity by sex and ethnicity. Hence, we set 2 aims in this review. The first aim was to provide an overview of global trends of overweight and obesity according to the WHO regions and countries within each region by sex. The second aim was to provide upto-date information on cohort studies that have investigated the associations of BMI with coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke in various parts of the world. Methods Overweight and Obesity TrendsThe review compiles the prevalence of overweight and obesity for every country in the WHO's 6 regions of the world (Africa, the Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, Western Pacific, and Europe).besity is a state of excess fat accumulation that accompanies wide range of health disadvantages. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 kg/m 2 as overweight, and a BMI of ≥30 kg/m 2 as obesity. 1 The global prevalence of the overweight and obese is on the rise. 2 The Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that the proportion of overweight or obese adults in 2013 was 36% in men and 37% in women worldwide. 3 Globally, the epidemic has affected both developed and developing countries, men and women, and adults and children, although there are great variations in their prevalence and trends among regions or countries, and sexes.Because obesity is believed to cause a number of established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, 4 the growing prevalence of obesity is assumed to increase the global CVD burden. However, it is also known that other changes in diet and lifestyle have led to changes in the prevalence of these risk factors, and presumably in CVD incidence. 5, 6 An example of this would be a dramatic decrease in stroke mortality observed after World War 2 in Japan because of the decrease in severe hypertension, 7 although the average BMI also increased dur- Global Trend in Overweight and Obesity and Its Association With Cardiovascular Disease IncidenceHiroshi Yatsuya, MD, PhD; Yuanying Li, PhD; Esayas Haregot Hilawe, PhD; Atsuhiko Ota, MD, PhD; Chaochen Wang, BSc; Chifa Chiang, PhD; Yan Zhang, BSc; Mayu Uemura, BSc; Ayaka Osako, BSc; Yukio Ozaki, MD, PhD; Atsuko Aoyama, MD, PhDAlthough the global prevalence of both the overweight and obese is on the rise, there are variations among regions or countries, and sexes. Approximately half or more than half of the population are overweight/obese defined as body mass index ≥25 kg/m 2 in the Americas (61.1%), Europe (54.8%...
BackgroundDiet is a modifiable factor that may affect sleep, but the associations of macronutrient intakes with insomnia are inconsistent. We investigated the associations of protein, fat, and carbohydrate intakes with insomnia symptoms.MethodsIn this cross-sectional analysis of 4435 non-shift workers, macronutrient intakes were assessed by the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire, which requires the recall of usual intakes of 58 foods during the preceding month. Presence of insomnia symptoms, including difficulty initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS), and poor quality of sleep (PQS) were self-reported. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs adjusted for demographic, psychological, and behavioral factors, as well as medical histories.ResultsLow protein intake (<16% vs ≥16% of total energy) was associated with DIS (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.99–1.56) and PQS (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.04–1.48), while high protein intake (≥19% vs <19% of total energy) was associated with DMS (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.12–1.76). Low carbohydrate intake (<50% vs ≥50% of total energy) was associated with DMS (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.97–1.45).ConclusionsProtein and carbohydrate intakes in the daily diet were associated with insomnia symptoms. The causality of these associations remains to be explained.
The Great East Japan Earthquake occurred on March 11, 2011, and was followed by a nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The government ordered a mandatory evacuation from the high radioactive concentration area in Fukushima. This evacuation may have forced many evacuees to change specific aspects of their lifestyles such as diet and physical activity, which in turn may lead to future incidence of lifestyle diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). To address this concern, the association between the evacuation and changes in CVD risk factors before and after the disaster was examined in the Fukushima Health Management Survey. In the present study, we reviewed the results of longitudinal studies in the Fukushima Health Management Survey. The proportion of overweight/obese people and those with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, liver dysfunction, atrial fibrillation, and polycythemia increased after the disaster. Furthermore, the evacuation was associated with an increase of these cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, evacuees may be more disposed to CVDs such as myocardial infarction and stroke after the disaster. The prevention of future CVDs among evacuees from Fukushima requires ongoing preventive programs for obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia, in collaboration with local governments and communities.
BackgroundSkipping breakfast has been suspected as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but the associations are not entirely consistent across ethnicities or sexes, and the issue has not been adequately addressed in the Japanese population.MethodsWe followed 4631 participants (3600 men and 1031 women) in a work-site cohort of participants aged 35–66 years in 2002 through 2011 for T2DM development. Frequency of eating breakfast was self-reported and was subsequently dichotomized to breakfast skippers, who eat breakfast 3–5 times/week or less, and to eaters. Cox proportional hazards models were used to adjust for potential confounding factors, including dietary factors, smoking and other lifestyles, body mass index (BMI), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) at baseline.ResultsDuring 8.9 years of follow-up, 285 T2DM cases (231 men and 54 women) developed. Compared to participants who reported eating breakfast every day, maximally-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of those with the frequency of almost every day and 3–5, 1–2, and 0 days/week were: 1.06 (95% CI, 0.73–1.53), 2.07 (95% CI, 1.20–3.56), 1.37 (95% CI, 0.82–2.29), and 2.12 (95% CI, 1.19–3.76), respectively. In a dichotomized analysis, breakfast skipping was positively associated with T2DM incidence (maximally-adjusted hazard ratio 1.73; 95% CI, 1.24–2.42). The positive associations were found in both men and women, current and non-current smokers, normal weight and overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2), and normal glycemic status and impaired fasting glycemic status (FBG 110 to <126 mg/dL) individuals at baseline (Ps for interaction all >0.05).ConclusionsThe present study in middle-aged Japanese men and women suggests that skipping breakfast may increase the risk of T2DM independent of lifestyles and baseline levels of BMI and FBG.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.