The information from the tick cattle microbiota suggests that the microbial populations may modulate a successful infection process of the tick-borne pathogens. Therefore, there is a need to know the microbial population and their interactions. In this mini-review, we present several examples of how microbiota regulates the survival of pathogens inside the tick and contributes to fitness, adaptation, and tick immunity, among others. The communication between the tick microbiota and the host microbiota is vital to understanding the pathogen transmission process. As part of the tick microbiota, the pathogen interacts with different microbial populations, including the microorganisms of the host microbiota. These interactions comprise a microsystem that regulates the vectorial capacity involved in tick-borne diseases. The knowledge we have about the vectorial capacity contributes to a better understanding of tick-borne pathogens. Additionally, using approaches based on multi-omics strategies applied to studying the microbiota and its microbiome allows the development of strategies to control ticks. The results derived from those studies reveal the dynamics of the microbiota and potential targets for anti-tick vaccine development. In this context, the anti-microbiota vaccines have emerged as an alternative with a good prognosis. Some strategies developed to control other arthropods vectors, such as paratransgenesis, could control ticks and tick-borne diseases.

BackgroundAvian coccidiosis is a disease caused worldwide by several species of parasite Eimeria that causes significant economic losses. This disease affects chickens development and production, that most of times is controlled with anticoccidial drugs. Although efforts have been made to address this disease, they have been made to control Eimeria sporozoites, although enteric stages are often vulnerable, however; the parasite oocyst remains a problem that must be controlled, as it has a resistant structure that facilitates dispersion. Despite some commercial products based on chemical compounds have been developed as disinfectants that destroy oocysts, the solution of the problem remains to be solved.ResultsIn this work, we assessed in vitro anticoccidial activity of a compound(s) secreted by yeast isolated in oocysts suspension from infected chickens. The yeast was molecularly identified as Meyerozyma guilliermondii, and its anticoccidial activity against Eimeria tenella oocysts was assessed. Here, we report the damage to oocysts walls caused by M. guilliermondii culture, supernatant, supernatant extract and intracellular proteins. In all cases, a significant decreased of oocysts was observed.ConclusionsThe yeast Meyerozyma guilliermondii secretes a compound with anticoccidial activity and also has a compound of protein nature that damages the resistant structure of oocyst, showing the potential of this yeast and its products as a feasible method of coccidiosis control.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0589-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most harmful ectoparasites affecting bovines worldwide. It represents a major threat to livestock industry due to the economic losses caused and diseases associated with these ticks. The most important tick control strategy has been the use of ixodicides, resulting in chemically resistant tick populations. It is necessary to understand the mechanisms that result in resistance so as to create new strategies increasing the lifespan of ixodicides or finding alternative targets to produce new acaricides. In this paper, in order to obtain an insight into the mechanisms that govern ixodicides resistance, we will compare the hemolymph proteome of two tick R. microplus strains, one susceptible (MJ) and one resistant (SA) to ixodicides, using HPLC and 2D electrophoresis. Significant differences were found in protein content between strains using HPLC. 2D electrophoresis revealed that 68 hemolymph protein spots were common between strains; however, 26 spots were unique to the susceptible strain MJ and 5 to the resistant strain SA. The most distinctive protein spots on the preparative gels were selected for further analyses. Nine protein spots were identified by mass fingerprinting, 
revealing proteins that may have a role in the ixodicides resistance or susceptibility. In this paper, we present the tick hemolymph proteome revealing a set of proteins which suggest a possible role in tick detoxification.

Bovine anaplasmosis is an arthropod-borne hemolytic disease caused by Anaplasma marginale. While only a few Anaplasma marginale strains have been reported, no Mexican strains have been reported.

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Bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne bacterial disease with a worldwide distribution and the cause of severe economic losses in the livestock industry in many countries, including México. In the present work, we first review the elements of the immune response of the bovine, which allows ameliorating the clinical signs while eliminating the majority of the blood forms and generating an immunologic memory such that future confrontations with the pathogen will not end in disease. On the other hand, many vaccine candidates have been evaluated for the control of bovine anaplasmosis yet without no commercial worldwide effective vaccine. Lastly, the diversity of the pathogen and how this diversity has impaired the many efforts to control the disease are reviewed.

Anaplasma marginale es una bacteria intraeritrocítica transmitida por garrapatas que causa la anaplasmosis bovina. Una limitante para el estudio de este microorganismo ha sido la dificultad para cultivarlo in vitro. A la fecha, no se ha reportado el cultivo de cepas mexicanas de A. marginale. En este trabajo mostramos el primer abordaje para establecer la infección y la propagación de la cepa MEX-31-096 en células de garrapata Rm-sus, utilizando como inóculo eritrocitos infectados recién obtenidos La infección se confirmó por microscopia de luz observando el desarrollo de A. marginale en las células Rm-sus a partir del 2do día post inoculación (d.p.i) y obteniendo el 80% de células infectadas al día 8 d.p.i. Asimismo, la amplificación de la región variable del gene msp1a por PCR punto final fue positiva. La bacteria se mantuvo en cultivo por un tiempo limitado ya que después del 5to subcultivo no se logró la detección de la bacteria. Estos resultados son valiosos para el desarrollo de nuestra investigación ya que demuestran que A. marginale (MEX-31-096) tiene la capacidad para infectar y propagarse en células Rm-sus lo que permitirá obtener estos microorganismos bajo condiciones controladas y en menor tiempo.

Coccidiosis is one of the most aggressive and expensive parasite diseases in poultry industry worldwide. Currently, the most used control techniques are chemoprophylaxis and anticoccidial feed additives. Although there is a great variety of commercial anticoccidial drugs and vaccines in the market, there is also a significant resistance to use them in animals with human as final consumer. To date, none available product offers effective protection toward coccidiosis; however, the search for novel strategies to control this disease continues, and natural products have arisen as a potential way to cope with avian coccidiosis. In this chapter, we highlight recent advances in natural compounds, their anticoccidial properties, and mechanisms.