The surfactant depletion and hydrochloric acid instillation models produce acute hypoxemia in an otherwise hemodynamically stable animal. A brief endotoxin infusion provides a model for cardiovascular instability and pulmonary hypertension but fails to produce hypoxemia in the pig. The oleic acid infusion creates a model of marked cardiovascular instability, pulmonary hypertension, and profound hypoxemia. However, none of the acute lung injury models described was associated with the production of tumor necrosis factor.
Pediatric sedation results in 4 categories of immobility. Complete immobility during painful and invasive procedures is associated with a higher incidence of adverse events. The depth of sedation (ie, CS, DS, or GA) required to achieve each category of immobility is unpredictable and varies from patient to patient. Thus, granting a limited sedation authority (conscious sedation only) to physicians may be of limited practical value.
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