Background
The anatomy of the sinus venosus atrial septal defect (ASD) of the inferior vena caval type is complex. Limited rate of complications during its closure has been described. One of the unusual complications, with few case reports, is the iatrogenic diversion of the inferior vena cava (IVC) to the left atrium (LA).
Case summary
We report the case of a 5-year-old boy who underwent previous surgical closure of sinus venosus ASD of the inferior vena caval type aged 2 years. Three years after surgery, he was diagnosed as having iatrogenic diversion of the IVC to the LA.
Discussion
Cardiologists and cardiac surgeons should be aware of this rare but significant complication following routine ASD surgical repair and vigilant follow-up should be performed routinely.
Early childhood educators (ECEs) play an important role in fostering children‟s literacy. This study examined the effect of rich literacy environment on students' motivation. It was conducted in a public school in Beirut. One kindergarten II class, 24 students, and 4 teachers participated in that study. Data was collected through classroom observations, self report for the teacher, and interview with the teachers and students. Students learn from their surrounding and by what is all around them and a Literacy rich classroom inspires and teaches. A stimulating environment is therefore one of the key elements in the successful development of literacy- talking & listening, reading and writing. A rich- literacy environment enhances students' motivation. Although the findings are significant, more research should be conducted in Lebanon to get more accurate results.
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