Concentrations of 0.01-1.0% of a hexane extract of the seed of neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., and several of its chromatographic fractions significantly deterred feeding by three species of scale insects, citrus red mites, and woolly whiteflies. An ether extract of the hexane-extracted seed reduced egg deposition by driedfruit beetles, the ether and ethanol extracts repelled adults and larvae of this insect, and the hexane extract repelled only adults.A concentration of 1% of a pentane extract of the nuts of tung, Aleuritesfordii Hemsl., considerably deterred feeding by adult boll weevils; a concentration of 0.1% of an ether extract of the defatted nuts reduced feeding by striped cucumber beetles and plum curculios; and a concentration of 0.2% reduced feeding by spotted cucumber beetles. Also, these extracts, and ethanolic and aqueous extracts as well deterred feeding by larvae of the codling moth and redbanded leafroller.Several polar and nonpolar components of neem seeds and tung nuts appear to be responsible for the antifeedant properties of these plant materials.Crop damage and loss due to feeding by insect larvae and adults is estimated to total billions of dollars each year in the United States alone. It is therefore imperative that safe, biodegradable substitutes for chemical insecticides be discovered. The United States Department of Agriculture has pioneered in chemical and biological research on insect resistance in plants for many years (Schalk & Ratcliffe, 1977) and now has embarked on an intensive program to develop insect feeding deterrents known to occur naturally in many plants growing as weeds or in crops used for food or fiber.Research in this field in our laboratories involves the isolation, identification, and evaluation of a number of insect antifeedants known to be present in the Indian neem tree, Azadiraehta indica A. Juss. (formerly a synonym of Melia azadirachta (L.)), family Meliaceae, and in the fruit of the tung tree, Aleuritesfordii Hemsl., family Euphorbiaceae.
Chemical compounds that can induce sexual sterility in the screw-worm fly Crystal, Maxwell M and Lachance, Leo E. 1963. "THE MODIFICATION OF REPRODUCTION IN INSECTS TREATED WITH ALKYLATING AGENTS. I.
A new device and technique are described for the in vitro feeding of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago). The device consisted of a glass cylinder 25 mm in length and in outside diameter, capped with a chick skin membrane at one end and a snap-cap with a wire cloth window at the other end. Maximum feeding by northern fowl mites on warmed heparinized chicken blood occurred after 60 min and at a blood temperature range of 36-42 C. Skin membranes prepared from 1-wk-old chicks gave significantly higher feeding rates than those from 4-wk-old chicks, but unfrozen skins and skins frozen up to 4 wk were equally effective. Also, mites fed equally well through white leghorn and broiler chick skin membranes. About 80% of northern fowl mites fed. The in vitro technique described simplifies the approach to studies of northern fowl mite biology and physiology.
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