Hybrid perovskite semiconductors hold great promise as low‐cost, yet high performance gain media for lasers. Distributed feedback (DFB) resonator structures are a key to unlock low laser threshold levels, which are essential on the way to the first electrically operated perovskite laser diode. Here, the first DFB lasers based on methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) thin films, with a linear photonic grating imprinted into the MAPbBr3 active layers is presented. High‐Q Bragg resonator gratings with a periodicity of 300 nm are directly patterned by thermal nanoimprinting into thin films of MAPbBr3 at a temperature as low as 100 °C. A notable effect of the imprinting process is a substantial flattening of the initially very rough polycrystalline perovskite layers to layers consisting of large crystals on the order of tens of microns with a surface roughness of 0.6 nm. The smooth surface affords a significantly lowered threshold for the onset of amplified spontaneous emission due to reduced scattering. In optically pumped DFB laser structures, very low lasing thresholds of 3.4 µJ cm−2 are achieved. It is foreseen that these results will influence research on perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices beyond lasers, e.g., light emitting diodes and solar cells.
Perovskites have high potential for future electronic devices, in particular, in the field of opto-electronics. However, the electronic and optic properties of these materials highly depend on the morphology and thus on the preparation; in particular, highly crystalline layers with large crystals and without pinholes are required. Here, nanoimprint is used to improve the morphology of such layers in a thermal imprint step. Two types of material are investigated, MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3, with MA being methylammonium, CH3NH3+. The perovskite layers are prepared from solution, and the crystal size of the domains is substantially increased by imprinting them at temperatures of 100–150 °C. Although imprint is performed under atmospheric conditions which, in general, enhances the degradation, the stamp that covers the layer under elevated temperature is able to protect the perovskite largely from decomposition. Comparing imprinting experiments with pure annealing at a similar temperature and time proves this. Furthermore, imprint is capable of patterning the surface of the perovskite layers; lines and spaces of 150 nm width were reproducibly obtained under imprint at 150 °C. Moreover, a through-layer patterning is possible by using the partial cavity filling approach. Although not yet optimized, this simple way to define isolated perovskite patterns within a layer simply by thermal nanoimprint is of impact for the preparation of devices, as patterning of perovskite layers by conventional techniques is limited.
Optical metasurfaces address a plethora of applications in planar optics, as they enable precise control of the phase, amplitude, and polarization of light at nanoscale interaction lengths. However, their implementation requires surface nanostructuring, based on complex design and fabrication methods. In addition, exploiting narrow spectral features, e.g., for sensing, is accompanied by high demands in terms of precise post‐process alignments of probing light—impractical for compact optical systems. Here, the realization of plasmonic metasurfaces, based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and using a solution‐based growth method, is demonstrated. The particle growth is mediated by localized surface plasmon resonances. The resulting nanostructures are directly applicable as self‐optimized metasurfaces in optical systems, as their fabrication and probing procedures allow the use of common—photonic and plasmonic—platforms. Information regarding the electromagnetic (EM) environment is stored during the fabrication via distinct particle positions and dimensions. The resulting optical response is inherently sensitive to deviations from this EM environment—enabling high‐performance nanoplasmonic sensing with a maximum discrete Figure of Merit* (FoMmax∗ of 968 without the need for post‐process alignments.
Waveguide gratings are used for applications such as guided-mode resonance filters and fiber-to-chip couplers. A waveguide grating typically consists of a stack of a single-mode slab waveguide and a grating. The filling factor of the grating with respect to the mode intensity profile can be altered via changing the waveguide’s refractive index. As a result, the propagation length of the mode is slightly sensitive to refractive index changes. Here, we theoretically investigate whether this sensitivity can be increased by using alternative waveguide grating geometries. Using rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA), the filling factors of the modes of waveguide gratings supporting more than one mode are simulated. It is observed that both long propagation lengths and large sensitivities with respect to refractive index changes can be achieved by using the intensity nodes of higher-order modes.
Disordered hyperuniformity (DHU) is one of the most prominent manifestations of the engineered disorder, which aims to circumvent limitations commonly related to order. Considering the k‐space, isotropic DHU is characterized by an isotropic suppression of scattering for wavenumbers k approaching zero. Thereby, stealthy DHU is a particularly strong form of DHU, where scattering is even suppressed for wavenumbers 0 < k ≤ K within a circular window of radius K. Although experimental demonstrations of DHU in optical structures exist, scalable and low‐cost fabrication methods are still rare and often lack the opportunity for in‐situ control of the k‐space. Here, a novel and facile bottom‐up approach for the fabrication of DHU metasurfaces is presented. Starting with a solution‐based deposition procedure of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in darkness (resulting in DHU), a more extensive way of in‐situ k‐space engineering is introduced by illuminating the growing metasurface with light (resulting in stealthy DHU). While it is shown that the wavelength of incident light allows for the in‐situ control of K, its lateral momentum k∥ defines an additional design parameter. The light‐controlled growth under maximum k∥ via surface plasmon polaritons enables the experimental confirmation of the theoretically predicted phenomenon of anisotropic stealthy DHU.
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