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The Global Production Network (GPN) approach has not yet considered the importance of territorial intermediaries for strategic coupling. This article demonstrates how the prospects of strategic coupling for the case of Vietnam and Indonesia with the oil and gas GPN are affected by the gateway role of Singapore. Based on interviews, the analysis reveals how Singapore influences regional economic development along the GPN through different filtering mechanisms, limiting the potential for strategic coupling for Vietnam and Indonesia. For GPN research, the identified filtering mechanisms illustrate how the territoriality of GPNs contributes to differentiated territorial outcomes. The findings therefore indicate the need to intensify the appreciation of the particular territorial configuration of GPNs as this yields considerable explanatory power for understanding the unequal contours of the global economy.

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In 2014, the Indonesian government had targets to obtain 80% of electrification ratio and 98.9% of rural electrification ratio. Extending the grid and off-grid connection has been done to obtain the targets. This paper aims to compare two main programs on rural electrification namely Super Extra Energy Saving (Super Ekstra Hemat Energi, SEHEN) that belongs to the PLN (state-owned company in electricity) and the Solar Home System (SHS) that is financed by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR). Indonesia started the rural electrification program in the late 1950s, but how to provide electricity in a sustainable ways both organizationally and institutionally still becomes a big challenge. The experiences from East Nusa Tenggara provinces showed that both SEHEN and SHS can instantly improve electrification ratio, but government needs to synchronize the technical, administrative, and financial aspect from the two programs. Without any improvements in designing the program, we argue that the existing program is not sustainable. Keywords: Electrification Ratio; Rural Electrification; Sustainability AbstrakTahun 2014, Pemerintah Indonesia menetapkan target pencapaian rasio elektrifikasi sebesar 80% dan rasio elektifikasi perdesaan sebesar 98.9%. Perpanjangan jaringan grid dan off-grid telah dilakukan sepagai upaya pencapaian target. Tulisan ini bertujuan membandingkan dua program elktifikasi perdesaan yang utama, yaitu Super Ekstra Hemat Energi (SEHEN) yang dimiliki PLN (Badan Usaha Milik Negara di bidang kelistrikan) dan Solar Home System (SHS) yang didanai Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. Indonesia telah memulai program elektrifikasi perdesaan sejak akhir 1950an, namun masih menghadapi tantangan dalam menemukan cara elektrifikasi yang berkesinambungan secara organisasional maupun institusional. Pengalaman dari Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur menunjukkan bahwa SEHEN maupun SHS dapat meningkatkan rasio elektrifikasi secara signifikan, namun pemerintah masih harus menyelaraskan aspek teknis, administratif, dan keuangan dari kedua program. Tanpa pembenahan dari sisi rancangan, kami berpendapat bahwa program yang telah ada tidak ada bertahan.