Palabras clave: minería, mercurio, Sudamérica, contaminación RESUMENEn este estudio se determinaron las concentraciones de Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Mn, Pb y Zn en muestras de sedimentos de fondo del río Puyango y de algunos de sus tributarios con el objeto de conocer los factores de enriquecimiento de estos elementos en los sedimentos. Las muestras de sedimento fueron sometidas a digestión ácida utilizando el método EPA 3050B, para luego ser analizadas por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Las muestras para el análisis de Hg total fueron digeridas con una mezcla de HNO 3 , HCl y KMNO 4 y determinadas con la técnica de arrastre de vapor frío. Las mayores concentraciones de metales pesados fueron encontradas en los sedimentos colectados en el sector localizado después de la confluencia entre los ríos Calera y Amarillo. Los altos niveles de metales pesados y las bajas concentraciones de Al en los sedimentos de este sector indican que estos últimos están compuestos principalmente de mineral polimetálico, el cual ha sido descargado por las plantas procesadoras de mineral después del proceso de extracción de oro. Los sedimentos de las secciones media y baja del río Puyango se encuentran severamente contaminados con los elementos Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn y Mn, así como moderadamente contaminados con Co y Fe. Las altas concentraciones de Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn y Fe en los sedimentos de estos ríos pueden tener un efecto adverso para la biota acuática, de acuerdo con los criterios establecidos en normas internacionales.Key words: mining, mercury, South America, contamination ABSTRACTIn this study the concentrations of Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in bottom sediment samples of the Puyango River and its tributaries with the goal to know the enrichment factors of these elements in the sediments. Bulk sediment samples were digested using the EPA method 3050B and then analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The samples for Hg determinations were digested with a mixture of HNO 3 , HCl y KMNO 4 and then analyzed by the cold-vapor generation technique. The highest concentrations of heavy metals in sediments were found in the sector located after the Calera-Amarillo rivers confluence. The high levels of heavy metals and the low concentrations of Al in the bottom sediments of this sector indicate
Artisanal and small-scale gold-mining activities performed in mountain areas of the Southern Ecuadorian Amazon have incorporated several heavy metals into the aquatic systems, thus increasing the risk of exposure in populations living in adjacent zones. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the contamination levels of mercury (Hg) and manganese (Mn) in several rivers of the Nangaritza River basin and assess the exposure in school-aged children residing near the gold-mining zones. River water and sediment samples were collected from a highly contaminated (HEx) and a moderately contaminated (MEx) zones. Hair Mn (MnH) and urinary Hg (HgU) levels were determined in school-aged children living in both zones. High concentrations of dissolved Mn were found in river waters of the HEx zone (between 2660 and 3990 µg l(-1)); however, Hg levels, in general, were lower than the detection limit (DL; <1.0 µg l(-1)). Similarly, Mn levels in sediments were also increased (3090 to 4086 µg g(-1)). Median values of MnH in children of the HEx and MEx zones were 5.5 and 3.4 µg g(-1), respectively, whereas the median values of HgU concentrations in children living in the HEx and MEx zones were 4.4 and 0.62 µg g-creat(-1), respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed between both biomarkers in children from the HEx and MEx zones. In addition, boys presented significantly greater MnH levels in both zones. The greater MnH values were found in children living in alluvial areas, whereas children living in the high mountain areas, where some ore-processing plants are located close to or inside houses and schools, had the greater HgU concentrations. In summary, the data reported in this paper highlights that artisanal and small-scale gold-mining activities can not only produce mercurial contamination, that can also release other heavy metals (such as Mn) that may pose a risk to human health.
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