Although halide perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology reaches, in few years, efficiencies greater than 25%, the cost‐ceffective perspective is achievable only if scalable processes in real manufacturing conditions (i.e., pilot line and/or plant factory) are designed and optimized for the full device stack. Herein, a full semiautomatic scalable process based on the blade‐coating technique is demonstrated to fabricate perovskite solar modules in ambient conditions. An efficient and stable triple‐cation cesium methylammonium formamidinium (CsMAFA) perovskite is deposited in ambient air with a two‐step process assisted by air and green anti‐solvent quenching. The developed industry compatible coating process enables the fabrication of several highly reproducible small‐area cells on module size substrate with an efficiency exceeding 17% and with high reproducibility. Corresponding reproducible modules (less than 2% variability) with a 90% geometrical fill factor achieve an efficiency larger than 16% and T 80 = 750 h in light‐soaking condition at maximum power point and room temperature/ambient after encapsulation. Film deposition properties are assessed by different characterization techniques, namely, scanning electron microscopy, profilometry, UV–vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and PL and electroluminescence imaging. The techniques confirm less defects and local coating variations of the ambient air/bladed devices with respect to the nitrogen air/spinned devices.

The use of solution processes to fabricate perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represents a winning strategy to reduce capital expenditure, increase the throughput, and allow for process flexibility needed to adapt PVs to new applications. However, the typical fabrication process for PSC development to date is performed in an inert atmosphere (nitrogen), usually in a glovebox, hampering the industrial scale-up. In this work, we demonstrate, for the first time, the use of double-cation perovskite (forsaking the unstable methylammonium (MA) cation) processed in ambient air by employing potassium-doped graphene oxide (GO-K) as an interlayer, between the mesoporous TiO2 and the perovskite layer and using infrared annealing (IRA). We upscaled the device active area from 0.09 to 16 cm2 by blade coating the perovskite layer, exhibiting power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 18.3 and 16.10% for 0.1 and 16 cm2 active area devices, respectively. We demonstrated how the efficiency and stability of MA-free-based perovskite deposition in air have been improved by employing GO-K and IRA.

In few years, perovskite solar devices have reached high efficiency on lab scale cells. Upscaling to module size, effective perovskite recipe and posttreatment are of paramount importance to the breakthrough of the technology. Herein this work, the development of a low‐temperature planar n–i–p perovskite module (11 cm2 aperture area, 91% geometrical fill factor) is reported on, exploiting the defect passivation strategy to achieve an efficiency of 19.1% (2% losses stabilized) with near‐zero hysteresis, that is the most unsolved issue in the perovskite photovoltaic technology. The I/Br (iodine/bromide) halide ion ratio of the triple‐cation perovskite formulation and deposition procedure are optimized to move from small area to module device and to avoid the detrimental effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent. The organic halide salt phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) is adopted as surface passivation material on module size to suppress perovskite defects. Finally, homogeneous and defect‐free layers from cell to module with only 8% relative efficiency losses, high reproducibility, and optimized interconnections are scaled by laser ablation methods. The homogeneity of the perovskite layers and of the full stack was assessed by optical, morphological, and light beam–induced current (LBIC) mapping characterizations.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules are driving the energy revolution in the coming photovoltaic field. In the last 10 years, PSCs reached efficiency close to the silicon photovoltaic technology by adopting low-cost solution processes. Despite this, the noble metal (such as gold and silver) used in PSCs as a counter electrode made these devices costly in terms of energy, CO2 footprint, and materials. Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) and modules use graphite/carbon-black-based material as the counter electrode. The formulation of low-cost carbon-based inks and pastes makes them suitable for large area coating techniques and hence a solid technology for imminent industrialization. Here, we want to present the upscaling routes of carbon-counter-electrode-based module devices in terms of materials formulation, architectures, and manufacturing processes in order to give a clear vision of the scaling route and encourage the research in this green and sustainable direction.

During the last decade, perovskite solar technologies underwent an impressive development, with power conversion efficiencies reaching 25.5% for single‐junction devices and 29.8% for Silicon‐Perovskite tandem configurations. Even though research mainly focused on improving the efficiency of perovskite photovoltaics (PV), stability and scalability remain fundamental aspects of a mature photovoltaics technology. For n‐i‐p structure perovskite solar cells, using poly‐triaryl(amine) (PTAA) as hole transport layer (HTL) allowed to achieve marked improvements in device stability compared with other common hole conductors. For p‐i‐n structure, poly‐triaryl(amine) is also routinely used as dopant‐free hole transport layer, but problems in perovskite film growth, and its limited resistance to stress and imperfect batch‐to‐batch reproducibility, hamper its use for device upscaling. Following previous computational investigations, in this work, we report the synthesis of two small‐molecule organic hole transport layers (BPT‐1,2), aiming to solve the above‐mentioned issues and allow upscale to the module level. By using BPT‐1 and methylammonium‐free perovskite, max. Power conversion efficiencies of 17.26% and 15.42% on a small area (0.09 cm2) and mini‐module size (2.25 cm2), respectively, were obtained, with a better reproducibility than with poly‐triaryl(amine). Moreover, BPT‐1 was demonstrated to yield more stable devices compared with poly‐triaryl(amine) under ISOS‐D1, T1, and L1 accelerated life‐test protocols, reaching maximum T90 values >1000 h on all tests.