Metal halide perovskites are the first solution processed semiconductors that can compete in their functionality with conventional semiconductors, such as silicon. Over the past several years, perovskite semiconductors have reported breakthroughs in various optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells, photodetectors, light emitting and memory devices, and so on. Until now, perovskite semiconductors face challenges regarding their stability, reproducibility, and toxicity. In this Roadmap, we combine the expertise of chemistry, physics, and device engineering from leading experts in the perovskite research community to focus on the fundamental material properties, the fabrication methods, characterization and photophysical properties, perovskite devices, and current challenges in this field. We develop a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art and offer readers an informed perspective of where this field is heading and what challenges we have to overcome to get to successful commercialization.
Interface engineering and passivating contacts are key enablers to reach the highest efficiencies in photovoltaic devices. While printed carbon–graphite back electrodes for hole‐transporting material (HTM)‐free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are appealing for fast commercialization of PSCs due to low processing costs and extraordinary stability, this device architecture so far suffers from severe performance losses at the back electrode interface. Herein, a 2D perovskite passivation layer as an electron blocking layer (EBL) at this interface to substantially reduce interfacial recombination losses is introduced. The formation of the 2D perovskite EBL is confirmed through X‐ray diffraction, photoemission spectroscopy, and an advanced spectrally resolved photoluminescence microscopy mapping technique. Reduced losses that lead to an enhanced fill factor and VOC are quantified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and JSC–VOC measurements. This enables reaching one of the highest reported efficiencies of 18.5% for HTM‐free PSCs using 2D perovskite as an EBL with a significantly improved device stability.
Although halide perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology reaches, in few years, efficiencies greater than 25%, the cost‐ceffective perspective is achievable only if scalable processes in real manufacturing conditions (i.e., pilot line and/or plant factory) are designed and optimized for the full device stack. Herein, a full semiautomatic scalable process based on the blade‐coating technique is demonstrated to fabricate perovskite solar modules in ambient conditions. An efficient and stable triple‐cation cesium methylammonium formamidinium (CsMAFA) perovskite is deposited in ambient air with a two‐step process assisted by air and green anti‐solvent quenching. The developed industry compatible coating process enables the fabrication of several highly reproducible small‐area cells on module size substrate with an efficiency exceeding 17% and with high reproducibility. Corresponding reproducible modules (less than 2% variability) with a 90% geometrical fill factor achieve an efficiency larger than 16% and T 80 = 750 h in light‐soaking condition at maximum power point and room temperature/ambient after encapsulation. Film deposition properties are assessed by different characterization techniques, namely, scanning electron microscopy, profilometry, UV–vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and PL and electroluminescence imaging. The techniques confirm less defects and local coating variations of the ambient air/bladed devices with respect to the nitrogen air/spinned devices.
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