The recent evolution of cattle is marked by fluctuations in body size. Height in the Bos taurus lineage was reduced by a factor of ~1.5 from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages, and increased again only during the Early Modern Ages. Using haplotype analysis, we found evidence that the bovine PLAG1 mutation (Q) with major effects on body size, weight and reproduction is a >1,000 years old derived allele that increased rapidly in frequency in Northwestern European B. taurus between the 16th and 18th centuries. Towards the 19th and 20th centuries, Q was introgressed into non-European B. taurus and Bos indicus breeds. These data implicate a major role of Q in recent changes in body size in modern cattle, and represent one of the first examples of a genomic sweep in livestock that was driven by selection on a complex trait.
Este artigo discute a autenticidade arqueológica na Turquia dos pontos de vista científico-acadêmico e popular. Na Turquia, “falsificações arqueológicas” que um dia receberam pouca atenção tem criado debates públicos nos últimos cinco anos. Apesar de já conhecido, o problema não era abordado de forma constante em pesquisas científicas. É provável que ainda tenhamos um longo caminho até que os arqueólogos turcos sejam capazes de lidar com este assunto em termos científicos e aceitá-lo como um importante campo de estudos. Embora a Turquia seja um país-chave tanto para a descoberta de originais quanto para a produção de falsificações, sabemos pouco sobre quais materiais devem ser categorizados como réplicas ou falsificações, quais objetos foram classificados, quais materiais foram falsificados, por que e por quem. Estima-se que o número de falsificações expostas em museus locais seja muito alto, incluindo inúmeras lamparinas, moedas, objetos metálicos (especialmente de prata) e pedras preciosas. Nos mercados internacionais conhecemos vários tipos de objetos que foram falsificados na Turquia, uma vez que é particularmente difícil distinguir entre moedas autênticas ou falsificações modernas, por exemplo. Diversos escândalos de falsificação em museus turcos surgiram nos últimos dez anos. Há duas explicações para os enganos: os administradores do museu não sabem nada sobre as falsificações, ou há outras razões pelas quais tais itens são apresentados como reais em exposições. Este artigo acompanha um catálogo amostral para a reanálise dos artefatos utilizando múltiplos critérios para a determinação de sua não autenticidade.
This paper presents some thirty unpublished bronze lamps that are housed in local museums of Cilicia, Hatay and Mardin in southern Turkey. The chosen methodology of this paper is to compare these lamps typologically, dating them by reference to the extensively published examples by Maria Xanthopoulou, 2010. The dating of our lamps does not generally extend beyond the Early Byzantine period, although some isolated samples could be later. In addition, they belong to a very homogenous group because of their restricted area of origin.Thus, our awareness of the objects enriches the general overview already offered by the latest European and Mediterranean studies on this topic. The Southern Anatolian workshops initially based their work on Italic patterns, were later influenced by the Byzantine art of Constantinople, and, after the Muslim conquest, by Islamic models.
In this paper we present discussions on archaeological authenticity in Turkey, advanced both from scholarly as well as popular scientific point of views. In Turkey in the last five years a recent public debate has become on previously inconspicuous "archaeological fakes". The problem was previously known, but not permanently entered in scientific research. It will probably still be a long way to go until Turkish archaeologists to deal with this matter in scientific terms with it and accept it as an important study area. Although Turkey is a key country for both originals, as well as for forgery production, we known little about which materials should be categorized as replicas or fakes, which objects were classified, what materials were faked, why and by whom.
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