Bioprinting is the assembly of three‐dimensional (3D) tissue constructs by layering cell‐laden biomaterials using additive manufacturing techniques, offering great potential for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Such a process can be performed with high resolution and control by personalized or commercially available inkjet printers. However, bioprinting's clinical translation is significantly limited due to process engineering challenges. Upstream challenges include synthesis, cellular incorporation, and functionalization of “bioinks,” and extrusion of print geometries. Downstream challenges address sterilization, culture, implantation, and degradation. In the long run, bioinks must provide a microenvironment to support cell growth, development, and maturation and must interact and integrate with the surrounding tissues after implantation. Additionally, a robust, scaleable manufacturing process must pass regulatory scrutiny from regulatory bodies such as U.S. Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, or Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration for bioprinting to have a real clinical impact. In this review, recent advances in inkjet‐based 3D bioprinting will be presented, emphasizing on biomaterials available, their properties, and the process to generate bioprinted constructs with application in medicine. Current challenges and the future path of bioprinting and bioinks will be addressed, with emphasis in mass production aspects and the regulatory framework bioink‐based products must comply to translate this technology from the bench to the clinic.
Several studies have shown that blood vitamin levels are low in alcoholic patients. In effect, alcohol use abuse is considered a chronic disease that promotes the pathogenesis of many fatal diseases, such as cancer and liver cirrhosis. The alcohol effects in the liver can be prevented by antioxidant mechanisms, which induces enzymatic as well as other nonenzymatic pathways. The effectiveness of several antioxidants has been evaluated. However, these studies have been accompanied by uncertainty as mixed results were reported. Thus, the aim of the present review article was to examine the current knowledge on vitamin deficiency and its role in chronic liver disease. Our review found that deficiencies in nutritional vitamins could develop rapidly during chronic liver disease due to diminished hepatic storage and that inadequate vitamins intake and alcohol consumption may interact to deplete vitamin levels. Numerous studies have described that vitamin supplementation could reduce hepatotoxicity. However, further studies with reference to the changes in vitamin status and the nutritional management of chronic liver disease are in demand.
Selenium offers important health benefits, including the prevention of some types of cancer. The traditional selenium indexes, such as selenium concentration, do not account for the metabolic status of this element regarding its chemoprotective effect. Then, the knowledge of a group of proteins that respond to selenium supplementation could be useful in the assessment of the metabolic status of selenium. The effect of dietary supplementation of rats with sodium-selenate on the blood plasma proteome is investigated. A group composed of six rats is fed a basic diet supplemented with sodium-selenate at 1.9 microg of Selenium per g of food, and a control group is fed a diet that covers the minimum selenium requirements, each for ten weeks. A proteomic approach is used to both quantify the changes in the abundance of some plasmatic proteins and to identify them. Fibrinogen, apolipoproteins, haptoglobin, and transthyretin changed significantly their abundance due to selenium administration. Those proteins are indirectly related to selenium metabolism. Then, the change in the proteomic profile due to selenium supplementation could probably be considered as a new index to assess the metabolic status of selenium. This index might help in the prevention of some diseases by nutritional diagnosis and, consequently, the adequate dietary recommendation.
Ischemia is a severe condition in which blood supply, including oxygen (O), to organs and tissues is interrupted and reduced. This is usually due to a clog or blockage in the arteries that feed the affected organ. Reinstatement of blood flow is essential to salvage ischemic tissues, restoring O, and nutrient supply. However, reperfusion itself may lead to major adverse consequences. Ischemia-reperfusion injury is often prompted by the local and systemic inflammatory reaction, as well as oxidative stress, and contributes to organ and tissue damage. In addition, the duration and consecutive ischemia-reperfusion cycles are related to the severity of the damage and could lead to chronic wounds. Clinical pathophysiological conditions associated with reperfusion events, including stroke, myocardial infarction, wounds, lung, renal, liver, and intestinal damage or failure, are concomitant in due process with a disability, morbidity, and mortality. Consequently, preventive or palliative therapies for this injury are in demand. Tissue engineering offers a promising toolset to tackle ischemia-reperfusion injuries. It devises tissue-mimetics by using the following: (1) the unique therapeutic features of stem cells, i.e., self-renewal, differentiability, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressants effects; (2) growth factors to drive cell growth, and development; (3) functional biomaterials, to provide defined microarchitecture for cell-cell interactions; (4) bioprocess design tools to emulate the macroscopic environment that interacts with tissues. This strategy allows the production of cell therapeutics capable of addressing ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). In addition, it allows the development of physiological-tissue-mimetics to study this condition or to assess the effect of drugs. Thus, it provides a sound platform for a better understanding of the reperfusion condition. This review article presents a synopsis and discusses tissue engineering applications available to treat various types of ischemia-reperfusions, ultimately aiming to highlight possible therapies and to bring closer the gap between preclinical and clinical settings.
The effect freeze-drying conditions, i.e. particle size, use of infrared radiation, and drying air temperature in Atmospheric Freeze-Drying (AFD) or freezing rate in vacuum Freeze-Drying (VFD) on the total selenium content, total polyphenols content and anti-radical power of broccoli was investigated. Two factorial designs were used, with three factors in two levels each one, for each type of freeze-drying. In AFD, the experimental factors were drying air temperature (5°C or 15°C), particle size (1.0 or 1.5 cm equivalent diameter), and use of infrared radiation (IR; yes or no). In VFD, the factors were freezing rate (high: by immersion in liquid nitrogen, low: in a household freezer at-30°C during 24 h), particle size and IR use, in the same levels as for AFD. In AFD, all experimental factors significantly affected the antioxidant properties of broccoli, while in VFD only the total polyphenols content was affected by freezing rate. Both AFD and VFD impaired antioxidant properties of the processed vegetable to different extents; however the content of total polyphenols and Se were considerably higher in broccoli subjected to AFD. Then AFD is an attractive alternative for broccoli preservation since it allows keeping some healthy properties of the vegetable. Finally, this technology seems promising in the functional food industry considering broccoli as raw material for this use.
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