Traps lured with semiochemical have been proposed to manage the coffee berry borer, coffee planting is however made under several environmental conditions that may affect the efficacy of traps. Several trap designs and variations were proposed and, therefore, a series of field experiments was carried out to capture coffee berry bores in traps disposed in a low density coffee plantations in the Northern part of the State of Paraná, Brazil. Traps were composed of plastic bottles (2 L) with a window (13 × 18 cm). Ethanol (E), Methanol (M) and coffee oil alone did not improve the capture when transparent traps with a 2 mm hole in the vial dispenser were used; traps lured with E : M mixtures (1:1, 1:2, 1:3) caught similar and higher number of insects than the control. There was synergism with the mixing of E and M; the addition of coffee oil to the mixtures did not improve the capture. Trap lured with E : M (1:1) mixtures at 342, 400, 428 and 710 mg caught similar numbers of insects. Transparent green trap, transparent trap and red trap lured with 642 mg day -1 of the E + M (1:1) mixture caught similar numbers of insects. Interaction between colors (transparent green, transparent and red) and semiochemical release rates (540, 720 and 1100 mg day -1 ) was observed. Transparent green trap, when lured with 720 mg day -1 of the 1 : 1 E : M mixture caught 2.3 and 4.4 times more insects than 540 and 1100 mg day -1 ; and caught 3.2 times more insects than transparent and red trap at the same release rates. Key words: semiochemical, attractant, volatile, trap color CAPTURA DA BROCA-DO-CAFÉ, HYPOTHENEMUS HAMPEI (COLEOPTERA, SCOLYTIDAE), EM RESPOSTA A CARACTERÍSTICAS DE ARMADILHASRESUMO: Armadilhas iscadas com semioquímicos têm sido propostas para manejo da broca-docafé. O cafeeiro é cultivado em condições ambientais diversas que podem afetar a eficiência das armadilhas. Vários modelos de armadilha e variações nos modelos são utilizados. Uma série de experimentos de campo objetivou avaliar capturas da broca-do-café em armadilhas numa lavoura de café semi-adensado no Norte do Paraná. Uma garrafa plástica (2 L) com uma abertura (13 × 18 cm) constituiu a armadilha. O etanol (E), metanol (M) e óleo de café, sozinhos, não incrementaram as capturas quando se utilizaram armadilhas transparentes com um frasco difusor com furo de 2 mm; armadilhas iscadas com as misturas 1 : 1, 1 : 2 e 1 : 3 de etanol (E) + metanol (M) capturaram quantidades similares e superiores à testemunha; sinergismo ocorreu pela mistura de etanol e metanol; a adição do óleo de café às misturas não incrementou as capturas. Armadilhas com taxas de liberação da mistura E:M (1:1) de 342, 400, 428 e 710 mg dia -1 capturaram quantidades similares. Armadilhas verdes transparentes, transparentes e vermelhas, iscadas com E:M (1:1) (642 mg dia -1 ) capturaram quantidades similares. Foi observada interação entre as cores (verde transparente, transparente, vermelha) e taxas de liberação dos semioquímicos (540, 720 e 1100 mg dia -1 ). Armadilhas verdes transparentes,...

ABSTRACT

The effects of intercropping aromatic plants (AP) on behavior and population development of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) were investigated in the field (adults) and in the greenhouse (nymphs). The responses of adults to the volatiles of tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae), plants plus AP [T + coriander (Co), rue (R), marigold (M), Greek basil (B), or citronella (Ci)] vs. humidified air or tomato volatiles only were assessed in laboratory Y-tube olfactometer assays. We found higher responses of adult B. tabaci to the humidified air than to the T + Co, T + B, and T + Ci treatments. The responses to T + R and T + M were similar to those to the humidified air. Responses to tomato volatiles were also greater than to T + Co, T + B, and T + Ci. In field assays, populations of adult insects were evaluated in tomato alone, in tomato intercropped with coriander or Greek basil, and in tomato mulched with citronella grass for 6 weeks. Adult whiteflies were generally found in greater numbers in the tomato-alone treatment compared to tomato intercropped with coriander or basil and tomato with citronella grass mulch. Reduction in adult whitefly populations compared to the population found in tomato alone was 84, 79, and 69% in intercrops of T + Co and T + B, and the tomato with citronella mulch treatment, respectively. Infestations of B. tabaci nymphs in plots of tomato plants cultivated alone or intercropped with reseeded coriander plants were also determined in a greenhouse. Nymph counts in the greenhouse assay were generally lower in tomato intercropped with coriander than in tomato alone for all six assessments. The mean reduction in nymphs in tomato intercropped with coriander was 37.7% compared with tomato alone. These results indicate that intercropping aromatic plants reduces infestations of B. tabaci.

No abstract

Avaliou-se a viabilidade da exploração do morangueiro, no Paraná, em duas áreas, 0,3 ha (área média cultivada pela agricultura familiar) e 1 ha, por um ano. Elaborou-se uma planilha de fluxo de caixa a partir da qual se calcularam: Período de Recuperação do Capital (PRC), Retorno sobre Investimento (RI), Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) e Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Todos para Custo Operacional Efetivo (COE), Custo Operacional Total (COT) e Custo Total de Produção (CTP). Para uma situação considerada normal, os indicadores de rentabilidade calculados foram (Tipo de custo: VPL área-padrão (TIR área- padrão) / VPL área efetiva (TIR área efetiva)) COE: US$ 17.856,55 (42%) / US$ 4.795,85 (39%); COT: US$ 5.182,40 (11%) / - US$ 1.691,97 (-13%); CPT: US$ 4.846,26 (10%) / -US$ 1.792,80 (-14%). Fez-se a análise de cenários para os fatores produtividade, preço de venda e mão de obra, analisando o VPL e a TIR. Verificou-se que o tamanho da área influenciou na viabilidade econômica, mostrando a importância de se determinar anualmente a área mínima viável para a agricultura familiar. Os resultados indicaram que a cultura é viável em curto prazo, quando considerado o COE como parâmetro de análise, mas pode não se sustentar em prazos maiores quando se consideram o COT, o CTP e a variação de alguns fatores de produção. Pela análise de cenários definidos pelos fatores de produção analisados, o VPL e a TIR alteram-se para níveis que oferecem risco à exploração.

The stink bug Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas) has become one of the major pests of corn and wheat in Brasil, mainly after a shift from the conventional tillage system to the no tillage cultivation system. This fact may be due to the simultaneous occurrence of second planting corn with wheat cultivation, and the presence of wild hosts. This study aimed to evaluate the population dynamics of D. melacanthus on wild hosts adjacent to areas cultivated with corn, wheat, and soybean during the season and off-season of soybean cultivation. Weekly surveys were conducted in the region of Londrina, PR, Brasil from the beginning of July 2007 up to the end of June 2008 using the square meter method. Corn (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), tropical spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis), hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta), crotalaria (Crotalaria pallida), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) were identified as hosts of D. melacanthus. Signal grass was the host in which stink bug adults were found in higher numbers, while nymphs and adults were consistently collected on tropical spiderwort. Although nymphs completed their development on tropical spiderwort seeds, this host was found less suitable than soybean seeds.

The effect of aromatic plants on number of twospotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, when intercropped with strawberry were assessed in the field. During the first year, chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), or sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) were intercropped with strawberry. Assessments were performed on TSSM populations by taking six samples from July 20 to September 20, 2012. During the second year, garlic plants were intercropped between rows of strawberry at three densities in greenhouse and field. Mobile forms and eggs numbers (only in field) of TSSM were evaluated from April 18 to June 05 (greenhouse) and June 06 to August 14, 2013 (field). It was found that intercropping with garlic caused a greater reduction of TSSM (up to 52 %) in strawberry plants when higher populations of TSSM occurred in the field. TSSM reduction was found in one sample when fennel and chives were intercropped with strawberries (42 and 50 % reduction, respectively); this also occurred when populations of TSSM were higher. The three densities of garlic plants (one, two and three rows among the strawberry rows) reduced TSSM mobile forms by 49, 53 and 60 % (greenhouse) and 44, 51 and 65 % (field), and eggs by 38, 43 and 64 % (field), respectively. The results suggest that intercropping garlic plants between strawberry rows is a promising strategy to reduce TSSM populations.

-Captures of the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) were assessed in traps in the fi eld. IAPAR designed traps [plastic bottles (2 L) lured with methanol:ethanol (1:1) in a vessel] were placed either at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5m high from the ground or simultaneously tested in the 2004 fructifi cation season. Traps placed at the three heights trapped 5.5 times more CBB than the others, mostly at the traps placed at 0.5 m (75%). Treatments using the IAPAR designed trap placed at 1.2 m high; IAPAR trap with a white plastic plate above (IAPAR modifi ed I) at 1.2 m high; IAPAR at 0.5 m high and two additional vessels at 1.0 and 1.5m high (IAPAR modifi ed II) and T-163 trap [three red plastic cups (300 ml) and a red plastic plate as a cover] lured with M:E (1:1) at 1.2m height were compared in the vegetative (2005) and fructifi cation (2006) periods. IAPAR modifi ed II (dispenser vessels placed at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m) trapped more beetles than the remaining types (2.72 times more beetles than IAPAR design); and IAPAR modifi ed I traps trapped more beetles than T 163 and IAPAR traps in the vegetative period. In the reproductive period, IAPAR modifi ed II trapped less beetles than IAPAR and IAPAR modifi ed I. In 2007 vegetative season, IAPAR modifi ed II trap were compared with IAPAR trap and trapped 2.8 times more beetles. The positive responses to a vertical distribution of the volatile attractants in the vegetative period of the planting allow the development of more effi cient trapping systems for CBB.