Objectives: The recent introduction of a disposable laryngeal mask airway has provided paramedics with an alternative to endotracheal intubation. Time taken to secure the airway with each device was compared in patients undergoing elective surgery. Methods: Patients undergoing general anaesthesia were studied. Paramedics trained in laryngeal mask use and endotracheal intubation participated in the study. A Portex disposable laryngeal mask was inserted and removed, followed by a Portex endotracheal tube. Time taken from beginning of the procedure to ventilation of the patient was recorded. Results: Laryngeal mask insertion and endotracheal intubation was attempted on 52 patients. Median age was 63.5 years (range 39-83). Laryngeal mask insertion was successful in 88.5% (46 of 52) patients; endotracheal intubation was successful in 71.2% (37 of 52) patients (after no more than two attempts), p = 0.049. Intubation success was related to laryngoscopic view (87.5% grade 1, 56.3% grade 2, 0.0% grade 3. p,0.0001). When laryngeal mask/endotracheal tube insertion were both successful (n = 35 of 52), there was no significant difference in median time to secure the airway (laryngeal mask 47.0 seconds (range 24-126) compared with endotracheal tube 52.0 seconds (range 27-148) p = 0.22). Laryngeal mask insertion was successful in 80.0% (12 of 15) patients in whom endotracheal intubation had failed. Conclusions: Even under optimal conditions, 30% of attempts at intubation by paramedics were unsuccessful. A disposable laryngeal mask has a higher success rate in securing the airway and overall, secures the airway more reliably than endotracheal intubation. P rehospital airway management is one of the most challenging prehospital tasks in the management of patients with major trauma. Paramedics in the UK are taught basic airway management as technicians and progress to learn the skills of endotracheal intubation over an eight week course, entailing the practical intubation of at least 25 patients in a controlled hospital environment. Subsequently, the average paramedic attempts endotracheal intubation on about seven patients per annum, which is relatively few for a technique where skills fade fast. Without the use of sedative and neuromuscular pharmacological agents, endotracheal intubation is only possible on severely obtunded patients. Success rates in these circumstances are variable, but generally poor, with success rates below 75% being regularly reported.
Assessing broad‐scale changes in seabird populations across the North Atlantic requires an integration of available datasets to understand the spatial extent of potential drivers and demographic change. Here, we compared survival of Northern Fulmars Fulmarus glacialis from a Scottish and an Irish colony from 1974 to 2009. Despite lower recapture probabilities of monel‐ringed Irish birds compared with colour‐ringed Scottish birds, survival probability decreased at both colonies. The extent to which the decline in survival is related to density‐dependent processes or other external drivers remains uncertain, but our results suggest that these changes in survival are possibly indicative of larger‐scale processes and are not confined to local colony dynamics.
aged 31, railway signalman. Family history.-Parents, one sister, wife and child, all living and healthy. Past history.-Has had no serious illness. Was medically examined on joining the Railway Company, and subsequently; nothing abnormal discovered. History of present illness.-In June, 1926, complained of " rusbes of blood to the face." July, 1926: all teeth extracted on account of pyorrhaea. September, 1926: much improved. Returned to work and remained at work, and in good health till May, 1928, when he was ill for two days, complaining of pain across the sacrum and front of the thighs, followed for several weeks by loose motions. Bloodpressure 140/90. Urine normal. June, 1928: returned to work. Remained well till summer of 1930, when he suffered from recurrent attacks of diarrhoea, flushing of the face and to a less extent of thebody, and occasional swelling of the left foot and leg. Several attacks of frequent micturition. Recently, attacks of palpitation with dyspncea. He remained at work until three months ago. His bowels may be perfectly normal for a week or more at a time, and then he has an attack of watery diarrhoea, with action of the bowels as often as every half hour, day and night. During these attacks there is often frequent painless micturition, urine being passed at least hourly. Condition on admission to St. Thomas's Hospital, September 18, 1930.-Phenomenal flushing of face, much exaggerated during emotion or during a meal. Numerous dilated venules of recent origin over the nose and cheeks. Skin of trunk is usually of a mottled mauve colour, but here, too, there is a liability to sudden changes to a 140 10
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