Background
Evidence-based policy-making to reduce perinatal health inequalities requires an accurate measure of social disparities. We aimed to evaluate the relevance of two municipality-level deprivation indices (DIs), the French-Deprivation-Index (FDep) and the French-European-Deprivation-Index (FEDI) in perinatal health through two key perinatal outcomes: preterm birth (PTB) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA).
Methods
We used two data sources: The French National Perinatal Surveys (NPS) and the French national health data system (SNDS). Using the former, we compared the gradients of the associations between individual socioeconomic characteristics (educational level and income) and “PTB and SGA” and associations between municipality-level DIs (Q1:least deprived; Q5:most deprived) and “PTB and SGA”. Using the SNDS, we then studied the association between each component of the two DIs (census data, 2015) and “PTB and SGA”. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were estimated using multilevel logistic regression with random intercept at the municipality level.
Results
In the NPS (N = 26,238), PTB and SGA were associated with two individual socioeconomic characteristics: maternal educational level (≤ lower secondary school vs. ≥ Bachelor’s degree or equivalent, PTB: aOR = 1.43 [1.22–1.68], SGA: (1.31 [1.61–1.49]) and household income (< 1000 € vs. ≥ 3000 €, PTB: 1.55 [1.25–1.92], SGA: 1.69 [1.45–1.98]). For both FDep and FEDI, PTB and SGA were more frequent in deprived municipalities (Q5: 7.8% vs. Q1: 6.3% and 9.0% vs. 5.9% for PTB, respectively, and 12.0% vs. 10.3% and 11.9% vs. 10.2% for SGA, respectively). However, after adjustment, neither FDep nor FEDI showed a significant gradient with PTB or SGA. In the SNDS (N = 726,497), no FDep component, and only three FEDI components were significantly associated (specifically, the % of the population with ≤ lower secondary level of education with both outcomes (PTB: 1.5 [1.15–1.96]); SGA: 1.25 [1.03–1.51]), the % of overcrowded (i.e., > 1 person per room) houses (1.63 [1.15–2.32]) with PTB only, and unskilled farm workers with SGA only (1.52 [1.29–1.79]).
Conclusion
Some components of FDep and FEDI were less relevant than others for capturing ecological inequalities in PTB and SGA. Results varied for each DI and perinatal outcome studied. These findings highlight the importance of testing DI relevance prior to examining perinatal health inequalities, and suggest the need to develop DIs that are suitable for pregnant women.
Dès sa création en mai 2016, Santé publique France a marqué un engagement significatif pour la promotion de la santé dans le champ de la périnatalité, de la petite enfance et de l’enfance. Notre approche se fonde sur l’état des connaissances sur les besoins fondamentaux des enfants qui met en exergue le méta-besoin d’établir des relations affectives stables avec un adulte qui lui portera attention. L’unité soutient actuellement deux expérimentations d’interventions pour accompagner la parentalité, en s’appuyant en particulier sur le développement des compétences psychosociales : panjo (Promotion de la santé et de l’Attachement des Nouveau-nés et de leurs Jeunes parents : un Outil de renforcement des services de pmi ) et psfp (Programme de Soutien aux Familles et à la Parentalité). En complément, l’agence s’engage également dans une démarche de valorisation et de capitalisation de ces interventions jugées prometteuses ou probantes. Il est en effet indispensable de faire dialoguer ces deux courants, notamment en interrogeant nos pratiques évaluatives, qu’il ne faudrait pas percevoir en opposition mais en synergie.
La grossesse et la petite enfance sont des moments-clés pour le développement des enfants, leur santé et leur bien-être tout au long de la vie. Naître et grandir dans une famille vivant dans la pauvreté est reconnu comme un facteur d’adversité important dont l’impact marque les indicateurs de santé périnatale et développementale. Cet article explore l’altération des systèmes de réponses au stress qui en découle et les conséquences sur la qualité des interactions parent-enfant. Il met en évidence des leviers d’action pour influencer favorablement le développement des enfants.
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