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O-PIII treatment could enhance the corrosion resistance and cell adhesion of Ti surface for dental implant application due to the increase in surface thickness of Ti-oxides (mainly as TiO(2)) on Ti.

The formation of TiO2 nano-mesh on the Ti surfaces was shown to enhance blood responses, which we expect to promote cell growth in the application of dental implants.

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INTRODUCTIONTitanium (Ti) tends to react with oxygen at high temperatures, which results in an overly thick oxidization layer. The oxidization layer is located on the Ti surface and influences the bond strength of the Ti-porcelain prosthetic appliance 1,2) . It has been reported that dental porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) crowns can be produced with a thinner interfacial oxide layer that effectively promotes the bond between metal and porcelain 3) . Thus, several manufacturers have produced low-fusing dental porcelain that is suitable for sintering onto the Ti surfaces with thinner oxide layers 4) . However, the bond strength between low-temperature porcelain and Ti is only slightly higher than the minimum metal-porcelain bond strength prescribed by ISO 9693 5) . Relevant literature shows that the Ti-porcelain bond strength is still lower than the bond strength between porcelain and other noble or base metals 6,7) . Consequently, there is a need for further investigation to improve the Ti-porcelain bond strength, which may be applicable to PFM dental crowns for long-term clinical application.The strength of the bond between metal and porcelain can be influenced by several factors, including the metal and porcelain chemical compositions, metal surface treatment, porcelain sintering procedure and test method 8) . The bond strength primarily depends on the mechanical and chemical properties of the interface between the metal and porcelain 9,10) . Although extensive studies have employed different surface treatments of Ti prior to porcelain sintering [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] , a simple and practical technique to improve Ti-porcelain bond strength has not been well determined, and the underlying mechanism for the bonding of Ti and porcelain is not well understood.Chemical solution treatment is a method that can be used to treat and clean metallic surfaces for clinical applications 20) . In industrial fields, an alkaline or acid solution has been successfully employed to clear superficial pollutants from Ti and Ti alloys 21) . Diniz et al. 22) indicated that hydrofluoric acid can serve as an improvement agent and etchant of Ti, thus allowing a higher-quality metallic surface and the removal of pollutants produced during manufacturing. A previous study showed that the Ti surface hardness increases after immersion in a mixed nitric acid/hydrofluoric acid solution such that the Ti-porcelain bond strength is improved 23) . Reyes et al. 8) found that the bonding of Ti and porcelain can be improved by immersing the Ti in hydrochloric acid prior to porcelain sintering. Tróia et al. 12) studied the bond strength between porcelain and cast Ti with different surface chemical treatments. The Ti surface is immersed in acid solution, treated (or not treated) with alkaline solution, and finally sandblasted prior to porcelain sintering. There is no improvement in the Ti-porcelain bond strength when the Ti surface is only immersed in acid solution. The bond strength is enhanced when the Ti surface is first treated w...

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A practical and simple sandblasting/gold sputter coating treatment of Ti surfaces prior to porcelain sintering significantly strengthens the bond between the milled, noncast Ti and the dental porcelain.