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A broad range of diesel, kerosene, and gasoline-like fuels has been tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine optimized for advanced combustion performance. These fuels were selected in order to better understand the effects of ignition quality, volatility, and molecular composition on engine-out emissions, performance, and noise levels. Low-level biofuel blends, both biodiesel and ethanol, were included in the fuel set in order to test for short-term advantages or disadvantages.The diesel engine optimized in Part 1 of this study included practical and cumulative engine hardware enhancements that are likely to be used to meet Euro 6 emissions limits and beyond, in part by operating under conditions of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition, at least over some portions of the speed and load map.The centre of combustion was matched for each fuel by adjusting the fuel injection timing. This simulates the performance of a future advanced engine operating with closed loop combustion control using an in-cylinder pressure sensor. The warmedup engine could be run successfully on a wide range of diesel, kerosene, and gasoline-like fuels, including part-load and full-load operation, with diesel-like efficiency.NOx emissions at or below Euro 6 emissions limits were achieved without the use of a NOx aftertreatment system. PM emissions were also low but a diesel particulate filter would be needed to reach Euro 6 limits and below. HC and CO emissions increased but were within the range that could be treated with a diesel oxidation catalyst.Fuel properties had a substantial effect on PM emissions, consistent with the wide range of fuels investigated. In general, PM emissions decreased with increasing ignition delay, higher volatility, and lower aromatics levels of the fuel but the relative effects varied depending upon the engine operating conditions. This study has investigated engine performance and emissions for a warmed-up single-cylinder bench engine only. Additional work would be needed to investigate engine performance under transient and cold start conditions.

For several years, research at the Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law (MPI) - in collaboration with experts from all over the world - has examined the trend of bilateral and regional agreements that include provisions on the protection and enforcement of intellectual property (IP) rights. By building on this research, the following principles – express core concerns regarding the use of IP provisions as a bargaining chip in international trade negotiations, the increasing comprehensiveness of international IP rules and the lack of transparency and inclusiveness in the negotiating process; and – recommend international rules and procedures that can achieve a better, mutually advantageous and balanced regulation of international IP. These principles emanate from several consultations within the MPI and especially from a workshop that was held with external experts in October 2012 in Munich, Germany. They represent the views of those first signatories and are open to signature by scholars who share the objectives of the Principles

Two single-cylinder diesel engines were optimised for advanced combustion performance by means of practical and cumulative hardware enhancements that are likely to be used to meet Euro 6 emissions limits and beyond. These enhancements included high fuel injection pressures, high exhaust gas recirculation levels and charge cooling, increased in-cylinder swirl, and a fixed combustion phasing. These enhancements achieved low engine-out emissions of NOx and particulate matter emissions with engine efficiencies equivalent to today"s diesel engines. These combustion conditions approach those of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition, especially at the lower part-load operating points.Four fuels exhibiting a range of ignition quality, volatility, and aromatics contents were used to evaluate the performance of these hardware enhancements on engine-out emissions, performance, and noise levels.