Citation: Delheimer, M. S., K. M. Moriarty, M. A. Linnell, and B. V. Woodruff. 2019. If a tree falls in a forest: implications of forest structure persistence for the Pacific marten (Martes caurina).Abstract. A global decline in large trees, largely driven by anthropogenic influences, has potentially dire consequences for cavity-dependent wildlife. For several species of conservation concern in western North America, including Pacific martens (Martes caurina), fishers (Pekania pennanti), and spotted owls (Strix occidentalis), large live and dead trees (snags) with cavities are forest structural elements that are requisite to fulfilling life history requirements. More than a century may be necessary for trees to develop cavities of a suitable size for use by martens, fishers, and owls, yet the relative amount of time that such trees persist as usable prior to senescence is largely unknown, despite the implications for how forests are managed as habitat for these wildlife species. To address this uncertainty, in 2016, we re-located 44 live trees and snags identified as marten rest structures between 2009 and 2012 in the Lassen National Forest, California. Upon re-location, we assessed structure persistence by determining whether structures had changed type (e.g., a live tree that died and transitioned to a snag) or usability (any structure that was degraded to a point where it was no longer usable by a marten). After 5-7 yr, 25% (n = 11) of marten rest structures changed type and 16% (n = 7) appeared to be unusable-a stark contrast compared to a similar study investigating persistence of fisher rest structures, which documented one-third of the change in structure type and no change in usability over roughly twice the return interval (8-12 yr). Our results emphasize the vast disparity between the lengthy period required for trees to become suitable for marten use and the potentially short period for which they may remain usable. We suggest that forest managers consider the importance of these fine-scale forest structural elements when developing broad-scale strategies to reduce fire risk and improve resilience in western North American forests.
Effective conservation of at‐risk species presents a conundrum, often requiring rapid status assessments and timely actions regardless of the adequacy of best available information. Here, we present a case study on Humboldt martens (Martes caurina humboldtensis), a rare and cryptic carnivore listed as threatened in 2020 under the United States Endangered Species Act. Given their rarity, many aspects of Humboldt marten population ecology remain understudied. To help inform marten conservation, we conducted exploratory analyses to estimate population growth by incorporating empirically derived data into two demographic modeling approaches. Population growth rates from each approach exhibited substantial variability and were uninformative to evaluating population status. Our results highlight the inherent difficulties of studying cryptic animals and exemplify the issues of using sparse or uncertain data in potentially consequential circumstances. Considering the shortcomings of our findings, we provide a framework of reliable actions to improve future conservation outcomes for poorly‐understood species.
Background Many mammalian species have experienced range contractions. Following a reduction in distribution that has resulted in apparently small and disjunct populations, the Humboldt marten (Martes caurina humboldtensis) was recently designated as federally Threatened and state Endangered. This subspecies of Pacific marten occurring in coastal Oregon and northern California, also known as coastal martens, appear unlike martens that occur in snow-associated regions in that vegetation associations appear to differ widely between Humboldt marten populations. We expected current distributions represent realized niches, but estimating factors associated with long-term occurrence was challenging for this rare and little-known species. Here, we assessed the predicted contemporary distribution of Humboldt martens and interpret our findings as hypotheses correlated with the subspecies’ niche to inform strategic conservation actions. Methods We modeled Humboldt marten distribution using a maximum entropy (Maxent) approach. We spatially-thinned 10,229 marten locations collected from 1996–2020 by applying a minimum distance of 500-m between locations, resulting in 384 locations used to assess correlations of marten occurrence with biotic and abiotic variables. We independently optimized the spatial scale of each variable and focused development of model variables on biotic associations (e.g., hypothesized relationships with forest conditions), given that abiotic factors such as precipitation are largely static and not alterable within a management context. Results Humboldt marten locations were positively associated with increased shrub cover (salal (Gautheria shallon)), mast producing trees (e.g., tanoak, Notholithocarpus densiflorus), increased pine (Pinus sp.) proportion of total basal area, annual precipitation at home-range spatial scales, low and high amounts of canopy cover and slope, and cooler August temperatures. Unlike other recent literature, we found little evidence that Humboldt martens were associated with old-growth structural indices. This case study provides an example of how limited information on rare or lesser-known species can lead to differing interpretations, emphasizing the need for study-level replication in ecology. Humboldt marten conservation would benefit from continued survey effort to clarify range extent, population sizes, and fine-scale habitat use.
When wildlife species exhibit unexpected associations with vegetation, replication of studies in different locales can illuminate whether patterns of use are consistent or divergent. Our objective was to describe fine-scale forest conditions used by Pacific martens (Martes caurina) at 2 study sites in northern California that differed in forest composition and past timber harvest. We identified denning and resting locations of radio-marked martens and sampled structure-and plot-level vegetation using standardized forest inventory methods between 2009-2021. Woody structures used by martens were significantly larger than randomly available structures across types (e.g., live tree, snag, log) and at both study sites. Den and rest structures occurred in areas characterized by higher numbers of logs and snags, lower numbers of live trees and stumps, larger diameter live trees and logs, and
Quantifying the demography of wildlife populations is imperative to evaluating population trends. Understanding patterns of influential demographic parameters often requires investigation of mechanisms influencing demography, which can be difficult to determine for cryptic species. We radiotracked Pacific martens (Martes caurina), a small-bodied and elusive mesocarnivore, to estimate survival, determine causes of mortality, and assess co-occurring pathological conditions.We tracked 18 female and 33 male martens for an average (±SD, range) of 16.35 months (±8.7, 1-41) from 2009-2013 and 2015-2017 in northern California. Annual survival rates were 0.81 (95% CI = 0.66-0.95) and 0.68 (95% CI = 0.57-0.79) for female and male martens, respectively. We documented 16 marten mortalities, 13 of which were suspected predation events. Seven mortalities were empirically linked to predation via clinical forensic evidence, with bobcats (Lynx rufus; n = 5) representing the majority of predator species identified. The proximate cause of mortality for 1 marten was attributed to toxicosis from anticoagulant rodenticide exposure, which has not been previously reported in free-ranging martens. Our findings suggest the timing of marten mortality aligned with reproductive periods that incurred increased energetic requirements, which may result in increased predation risk. We propose continued pairing of field and clinical assessments to
Background: A suite of mammalian species have experienced range contractions following European settlement and post-settlement development of the North American continent. For example, while North American martens (American marten, Martes americana; Pacific marten, M. caurina) generally have a broad range across northern latitudes, local populations have experienced substantial reductions in distribution and some extant populations are small and geographically isolated. The Humboldt marten (M. c. humboldtensis), a subspecies of Pacific marten that occurs in coastal Oregon and northern California, was recently designated as federally threatened in part due to its reduced distribution. To inform strategic conservation actions, we assessed Humboldt marten occurrence by compiling all known records from their range. Methods: We compiled Humboldt marten locations since their rediscover to present (1,692 marten locations, 1996-2020). We spatially-thinned locations to 500-m to assess correlations with variables across contemporary Humboldt marten distribution (n=384). Using maximum entropy modeling (Maxent), we created distribution models with variables optimized for spatial scale; pre-selected scales were associated with marten ecology (50 to 1170 m radius). Marten locations were most correlated with abiotic factors (e.g., precipitation), which are unalterable and therefore uninformative within the context of restoration or management actions. Thus, we created variables to focus on hypothesized marten habitat relationships, including understory conditions such as predicted suitability of shrub species. Results: Humboldt marten locations were positively associated with increased shrub cover (salal (Gautheria shallon), mast producing trees), increased pine (Pinus sp) overstory cover and precipitation at home-range spatial scales, areas with low and high amounts of canopy cover and slope, and cooler August temperatures. Unlike other recent literature on the species, we found little evidence that Humboldt marten locations were associated with old growth structural indices, perhaps because of a potential mismatch in the association between this index and shrub cover. As with any species distribution model, there were gaps in predicted distribution where Humboldt martens have been located during more recent surveys, for instance the southeastern portion of Oregon's coast range. Conservation efforts and our assessment of potential risks to Humboldt marten populations would benefit from additional information on range extent, population sizes, and fine-scale habitat use. Like many rare and lesser-known species, this case study provides an example of how limited information can provide differing interpretations, emphasizing the need for study-level replication in ecology.
Many species of wildlife require cavities in trees as locations for refuge or reproduction. In forests where the availability of cavities has been reduced, artificial cavities may provide surrogate locations. Artificial cavities are typically created using boxes and artificial cavity research has traditionally focused primarily on birds. However, there are numerous cavity‐dependent species of mammals that are of regional and global conservation concern, such as the Humboldt marten (Martes caurina humboldtensis). Martens (Martes spp.) are small mustelids that often use cavities for daily resting and seasonal reproductive activities. During June 2013 to September 2015, we tested an artificial cavity design, modified from a design successfully used for European pine martens (M. martes), for the Humboldt marten in northwestern California, USA. We built and installed 16 artificial cavities (“marten” boxes) in marten‐occupied areas that have been managed for timber production and likely have reduced cavity availability. We monitored each box with a remote‐sensing camera for 2 years to evaluate visitation and use by martens and other cavity‐dependent species. Eleven mammal species visited ≥1 boxes and 4 species entered the box to use it. Martens had the greatest number of box‐use events, several martens used boxes for resting, and ≥1 female marten used a box for reproductive activities. Our results indicate that our boxes may provide artificial cavities for Humboldt martens in forests where natural cavities have been reduced due to timber harvest or severe wildfire. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
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