No abstract

The biosynthesis of ribosomes is a complex process that requires the coordinated action of many factors and a huge energy investment from the cell. Ribosomes are essential for protein production, and thus for cellular survival, growth and proliferation. Ribosome biogenesis is initiated in the nucleolus and includes: the synthesis and processing of ribosomal RNAs, assembly of ribosomal proteins, transport to the cytoplasm and association of ribosomal subunits. The disruption of ribosome biogenesis at various steps, with either increased or decreased expression of different ribosomal components, can promote cell cycle arrest, senescence or apoptosis. Additionally, interference with ribosomal biogenesis is often associated with cancer, aging and age-related degenerative diseases. Here, we review current knowledge on impaired ribosome biogenesis, discuss the main factors involved in stress responses under such circumstances and focus on examples with clinical relevance.

Galvanostatic cycling combined with a modified intermittent current interruption resistance determination method is presented as a fast, accurate, and comparatively simple analytical tool for following internal resistance changes in batteries over long‐term cycling. The technique is demonstrated here to study the influence of electrolyte composition and volume on the internal resistance of lithium−sulfur (Li−S) batteries. This approach is found to be particularly useful for the study of the Li−S system, where resistance changes considerably during charge and discharge as a result of compositional changes to the positive electrode and the electrolyte, but may also be valuable in the study of other battery systems.

No abstract

Ambient and Elevated Temperatures. ChemRxiv. Preprint. download file view on ChemRxiv Manuscript.pdf (2.43 MiB) download file view on ChemRxiv Supporting Information.pdf (1.24 MiB)

Operando electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM-D) with simultaneous in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is developed and applied to study the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on copper current collectors in Li-ion batteries. Findings are backed by EIS simulations and complementary analytical techniques, such as online electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The evolution of mass and the mechanical properties of the SEI are directly correlated to the electrode impedance. Electrolyte reduction at the anode carbon active material initiates dissolution, diffusion, and deposition of reaction side-products throughout the cell and increases electrolyte viscosity and the ohmic cell resistance as a result. On Cu the reduction of CuO x and HF occurs > 1.5 V and forms an initial LiF-rich interphase while electrolyte solvent reduction < 0.8 V vs. Li + /Li adds a second less rigid layer on top. Both shear storage modulus and viscosity of the SEI generally increase upon cycling butalong with the SEI Li + diffusion coefficientalso respond reversibly to electrode potential, likely as a result of Li + /EC interfacial concentration changes. Combined EIS-EQCM-D provides unique prospects for further studies of the highly dynamic structure-function relationships of electrode interphases in Liion batteries.

No abstract

In the field of lithium-based batteries, there is often a substantial divide between academic research and industrial market needs. This is in part driven by a lack of peer-reviewed publications from industry. Here we present a non-academic view on applied research in lithium-based batteries to sharpen the focus and help bridge the gap between academic and industrial research. We focus our discussion on key metrics and challenges to be considered when developing new technologies in this industry. We also explore the need to consider various performance aspects in unison when developing a new material/technology. Moreover, we also investigate the suitability of supply chains, sustainability of materials and the impact on system-level cost as factors that need to be accounted for when working on new technologies. With these considerations in mind, we then assess the latest developments in the lithium-based battery industry, providing our views on the challenges and prospects of various technologies.