From the late 1980s, research on NGOs had a normative focus and was vulnerable to changing donor preoccupations. This article contributes a new conceptual approach, analysing the practices through which relationships and resources are translated into programmes and projects. The theoretical justification for this move combines the new ethnography of development practice with a re‐agency approach to transactions across time and space. The study is based on data including thirty hours of video ethnography involving interviews and field visits with Kenyan NGOs in a variety of sectors. The analysis focuses on the problem of accountability that emerged through the interactions of donors and state corruption. We argue that NGOs operating in capital cities often provide organizational solutions to this problem. Depending on donor preferences, varying amounts of resources become ‘lodged’ or absorbed in ‘capital NGOs’ as they provide accounts of programmes that satisfy donors. However, no matter the donor preferences, capital NGOs provide accountability independently of increased action with communities or increased resources transferred to them. We conclude that the institutionalization of the NGO field as a well‐grounded specialization depends in part on the degree to which researchers can sideline the stories generated in inter‐organizational contexts such as workshops and policy meetings, and substitute understandings based on accounting practices, resource flows and social ties.

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Formal governance of agricultural biotechnology in Kenya-i.e. national institutional and policy developments-has been loosely co-ordinated and largely reactive, both in terms of bio-safety and in terms of setting national priorities. At the same time, modern biotechnology developments have been occurring for over a decade, mainly driven by public-private partnerships. Governance of biotechnology has thus been largely informal with strategic decisions being made mainly outside state mechanisms. The distinction between formal and informal governance sheds light on the current draft biosafety bill of Kenya and how it is pivotal for tipping biotechnology developments more towards increased accountability and open participation of farmers and publics. The government of Kenya, non-governmental actors and donors must all make actions to shape a more productive interaction between formal and informal governance to avoid immediate and long-term repercussions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Following the pioneering work of several Latin American anthropologists, reconnecting to the idea of place and examining networked strategies of marginalised actors are explored as useful approaches to analyse the governance of biotechnology in an African context. Such place-based approaches provide an opportunity to marry more traditional understandings of macro levels of governance with the politics of how local institutions assign needs, build relationships and manage change. The argument is illustrated via case studies of several tissue culture banana projects in Kenya. The cases show that a place-based approach to governance can be both empirically pragmatic and theoretically useful by providing a way to focus on the location of decision-making, and by putting politics and power differentials between actors more firmly within governance frameworks.

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