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Kelps (Laminariales, Ochrophyta) are ecologically and commercially important habitatforming brown macroalgae, found in coastal ecosystems worldwide. Their presence in the sublittoral fringe makes monitoring kelp forests problematic and consequently they remain relatively understudied. Remote sensing offers new avenues to monitor difficult-to-access biomes, particularly kelp habitats, but previous monitoring efforts have only been tested on an ad hoc basis and a standardised protocol for monitoring kelp requires development. In view of ongoing and emerging threats to kelp, there is a need for monitoring to establish detailed baseline information. Wild harvesting of kelp is increasing, illustrated by growing numbers of seaweed and seaweed-containing products. Simultaneously, climate change is causing sea-surface temperatures to rise and influencing kelp distribution and abundance globally. This study reviews the potential for remote sensing in macroalgal studies, with an emphasis on kelp and provides a conceptual framework to support the development of standardised monitoring protocols. Satellite-born sensors and aerial photography have been effective, but these distant sensors cannot operate effectively in turbid temperate waters, and many image surveys do not account for changing tides. Advances are being made in acoustic monitoring, particularly multibeam sonar. With some development, there is great potential for a standardised monitoring protocol for kelp, aiding management and conservation efforts.

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The toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) is an Aotearoa (New Zealand) endemic surf clam that remains threatened following population collapse due to overfishing in the twentieth century. Despite protective measures being in place for more than 4 decades, toheroa populations have inexplicably failed to recover. As part of an investigation into the possible role of disease in preventing their recovery, an exploration of the bacterial composition in toheroa was conducted over their entire geographic range. The bacterial composition in toheroa tissues was dominated by Spirochaetaceae, Mycoplasmataceae, and Endozoicomonadaceae, and varied at both large (between geographically separated sites) and small spatial scales (beds < 10 km apart). At small scales, it was habitat, in this case the presence or absence of freshwater outflows, which appeared to be a major influence on bacterial composition. Given that the decline of toheroa has also coincided with changes in land use that have reduced the amount of freshwater reaching the toheroa beaches, it is possible that habitat-related shifts in the abundance of certain bacterial symbionts are affecting the health and impeding recovery of this iconic and culturally significant species.

Please cite this article as: McEneff, G., Quinn, B., Bennion, M., Dolan, S., O'Rourke, K., Morrison, L., Bioaccumulation of metals in juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) via dietary exposure to blue mussels, Chemosphere (2017Chemosphere ( ), doi: 10.1016Chemosphere ( /j.chemosphere.2017 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. The potential for metals to bioaccumulate in aquatic species, such as fish, via trophic level 27 transfer was investigated. An in vivo experiment was set up in a flow-through system in 28 which juvenile rainbow trout were fed blue mussels collected from a Class A pristine site and M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 BIOACCUMULATION OF METALS IN JUVENILE RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) VIA DIETARY EXPOSURE TO BLUE MUSSELS 29an effluent-impacted river estuary, over a period of 28 days. Selected elements (As, Cd, Cr, 30Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Sn, V, Zn) were determined in the mussels and fish tissues 31(muscle and skin) collected at 0, 14 and 28 days. This study reveals the occurrence of metals 32 in mussels sampled in the Irish marine environment and highlights the bioaccumulation 33 potential of metals in fish tissues via trophic transfer. All 14 monitored metals were 34 determined in the mussels collected from both sites and mussels collected from the effluent- 35impacted site contained three times more Co, Mo, Sn and V than the mussels collected from 36 the Class A site. Following a 28-day dietary exposure, concentrations of As and Se (fish 37 muscle), and Pb, Se and Zn (fish skin), were significantly greater in fish feeding on 38 contaminated mussels compared to those with a regular fish feed diet. The significance of 39 metal detection and bioaccumulation in the mussel and fish tissues, highlights the potential 40for metal exposure to humans through the food chain. As fish are recommended as a healthy 41 and nutritious food source, it is important to fully understand metal bioaccumulation in 42 commercially important aquatic species and ensure the safety of human consumers. the body i.e. macro and micro-essential metals (Underwood, 1971;Reinhold, 1975 wastewater treatment plants (Healy et al., 2016;Jones et al., 2016). 64In aquatic systems, the availability of a metal to an organism depends on many , 2008;Sauliutė and Svecevičius, 2015). For the normal metabolism of fish, essential 73 metals must be taken up from water, food or sediment, however, similar to essential metals, 74uptake and bioaccumulation of non-essential metals can also occur (Subotic et al., 2013). organi...

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