The formation of 3D objects composed of shape memory polymers for flexible electronics is described. Layer-by-layer photopolymerization of methacrylated semicrystalline molten macromonomers by a 3D digital light processing printer enables rapid fabrication of complex objects and imparts shape memory functionality for electrical circuits.

The convergence of additive manufacturing and shape-morphing materials is promising for the advancement of personalized medical devices. The capability to transform 3D objects from one shape to another, right off the print bed, is known as 4D printing. Shape memory thermosets can be tailored to have a range of thermomechanical properties favorable to medical devices, but processing them is a challenge because they are insoluble and do not flow at any temperature. This study presents here a strategy to capitalize on a series of medical imaging modalities to construct a printable shape memory endoluminal device, exemplified by a tracheal stent. A methacrylated polycaprolactone precursor with a molecular weight of 10 000 g mol is printed with a UV-LED stereolithography printer based on anatomical data. This approach converges with the zeitgeist of personalized medicine and it is anticipated that it will broadly expand the application of shape memory-exhibiting biomedical devices to myriad clinical indications.

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bThe WBC-2 consortium is an organohalide-respiring anaerobic microbial enrichment culture capable of dechlorinating 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TeCA) to ethene. In the WBC-2 culture, TeCA is first transformed to trans-dichloroethene (tDCE) by dichloroelimination; tDCE is subsequently transformed to vinyl chloride (VC) and then to ethene by hydrogenolysis. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from culture DNA revealed sequences from three putative dechlorinating organisms belonging to Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, and Dehalogenimonas genera. Quantitative PCR primers were designed for each of these sequences, and their abundance was quantified in enrichment cultures over time. These data revealed that complete dechlorination of TeCA to ethene involves all three organisms. Dehalobacter spp. grew during the dihaloelimination of TeCA to tDCE, while Dehalococcoides and Dehalogenimonas spp. grew during hydrogenolysis of tDCE to ethene. This is the first time a genus other than Dehalococcoides has been implicated in dechlorination of tDCE to VC. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (TeCA) was one of the first chlorinated solvents produced in North America before World War I (4). Chronic exposure to TeCA can cause liver damage and possibly cancer (29). Today, TeCA is no longer manufactured yet remains present at historically contaminated sites. TeCA has been detected at 326 of 1,699 sites recommended for the National Priorities List (28) and is ranked 147th out of 275 chemicals on the 2007 CERCLA hazardous chemicals list (1). In anaerobic groundwater, TeCA degrades abiotically by dehydrohalogenation to trichloroethene (TCE) and biotically by reductive dechlorination to the nontoxic end product ethene (19). The transformation products produced during microbially mediated TeCA dechlorination, particularly vinyl chloride (VC), are more toxic than the parent compound (6); therefore, the ability to rapidly degrade these daughter products is essential for effective bioremediation. Several microbial consortia and isolated bacterial strains capable of dechlorinating TeCA have been described previously (2-4, 19, 22, 25, 26, 27, 30). Pure strains degrade TeCA incompletely: Desulfuromonas michiganensis (26) and Desulfitobacterium hafniense strain Y51 (27) are reported to dechlorinate TeCA to cis-dichloroethene (cDCE) and Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellans (strains BL-DC-8 and BL-DC-9) is reported to dechlorinate TeCA to a mixture of cDCE and trans-dichloroethene (tDCE) (22,26,27). To date, none of the characterized strains of Dehalogenimonas are capable of dechlorinating chlorinated ethenes, including the DCE isomers and VC (22,26,27).The mixed microbial culture WBC-2, enriched from sediment from the West Branch Canal Creek (20), dechlorinates TeCA completely and stoichiometrically to ethene. The WBC-2 enrichment culture has been shown to degrade a wide range of contaminants, including TeCA, 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA), 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA), TCE, cDCE, tDCE, and VC (16,19) and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) ...

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