ES cell-tetraploid (ES) mice are completely derived from embryonic stem cells and can be obtained at high efficiency upon injection of hybrid ES cells into tetraploid blastocysts. This method allows the immediate generation of targeted mouse mutants from genetically modified ES cell clones, in contrast to the standard protocol, which involves the production of chimeras and several breeding steps. To provide a baseline for the analysis of ES mouse mutants, we performed a phenotypic characterization of wild-type B6129S6F 1 ES mice in relation to controls of the same age, sex, and genotype raised from normal matings. The comparison of 90 morphological, physiological, and behavioral parameters revealed elevated body weight and hematocrit as the only major difference of ES mice, which exhibited an otherwise normal phenotype. We further demonstrate that ES mouse mutants can be produced from mutant hybrid ES cells and analyzed within a period of only 4 months. Thus, ES mouse technology is a valid research tool for rapidly elucidating gene function in vivo.The standard protocol to derive mouse mutants currently requires the production of germ line chimeras from heterozygous targeted embryonic stem (ES) cells, followed by at least two breeding steps to obtain homozygous mutants (2). Thus, the production of a mutant strain is a time-intensive task exceeding 12 months prior to the analysis of adult mutants. In addition, substantial resources are required for the breeding and genotyping of several hundred mice involved in a typical knockout project. Besides this classical approach, conditional gene targeting through Cre/LoxP-mediated recombination is increasingly used as it allows the spatial and temporal control of gene inactivation (13,21). Given that a Cre transgene needs to be introduced via additional breeding steps, the production of conditional knockout mice involves four reproductive cycles requiring at least 16 months before the target gene's function can be analyzed in vivo.Due to these extensive timelines, the impact of targeted mutants in high-throughput functional genome analysis is currently limited, creating a demand for a time-saving single-step procedure. Cloning of mice does not provide a viable alternative because the nuclear transplantation procedure is inefficient and a variety of abnormalities have been described in cloned mice which likely result from incomplete genome reprogramming (8,17,25,30). Alternatively, ES cell-tetraploid (ES) mice can be produced in a single step through the introduction of diploid ES cells into tetraploid blastocysts (16). The latter provide an initial host environment for the differentiation of ES cells but do not contribute to the embryo at later developmental stages. Although the methodology to produce ES mice from inbred ES cell lines was described more than a decade ago, its application was limited due to the extremely low frequency at which viable ES pups are recovered (16).Recently, this technology was significantly improved through the discovery that ES cell lines de...
Simulation model composability is a highly debated issue, especially the specific requirements of model components as compared to software components. Selected software component techniques are reviewed and adapted according to simulation models needs. Standard technologies like UML and XML are exploited to form the basis for a specification layer that wraps model definitions. This layer accounts for explicit dependencies, compositions, and parametrization of simulation models. Thereby, the specification of model components can be done in a platform and simulation system independent manner. For the purpose of simulation a mapping to a concrete modeling formalism becomes necessary. This is here done on the example of the Parallel DEVS formalism.
The more simulation becomes an established tool in the design of multi-agent systems, the more urgent the question becomes how valid the induced properties and behavior patterns are. Answering this question depends on the validity of the models, the correctness of the simulators, and the simulations. In all of these aspects, reuse and a declarative representation plays a crucial role. With James II, we developed a customizable framework for modeling and simulation. Its component-based architecture supports a reuse of models, simulators, and experimental settings. The benefits of this architecture for agent-based modeling and simulation will be illuminated by an excerpt of a simulation study about trading strategies for mobile ad hoc networks.
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