Uniform 6-13 nm sized 0D superparamagnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanocrystals were synthesized by an aqueous 'coprecipitation method' under a N 2 atmosphere as a function of temperature to understand the growth kinetics. The crystal phases, surface charge, size, morphology and magnetic characteristics of assynthesized nanocrystals were characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, TG-DTA, BET surface area, dynamic light scattering along with zeta potential, HR-TEM, EDAX, vibrating sample magnetometry and Mössbauer spectroscopy. TEM investigation revealed highly crystalline spherical magnetite particles in the 8.2-12.5 nm size range. The kinetically controlled as-grown nanoparticles were found to possess a preferential (311) orientation of the cubic phase, with a highest magnetic susceptibility of $57 emu g shows that the particles are ferromagnetic at room temperature with zero remanence and zero coercivity. This method produced highly crystalline and dispersed 0D magnetite nanocrystals suitable for biological applications in imaging and drug delivery.

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The study reveals maximum chemical stability of methotrexate in LDH–MTX at pH 7.00 and controlled release profile of PLGA–LDH–MTX.

Aim:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of different endodontic irrigants in the removal of smear layer through scanning electron microscopic image analysis.Materials and Methods:The present in vitro study was carried out on 45 single-rooted extracted human mandibular premolar teeth with single canal and complete root formation. Teeth were randomly assigned to three groups with 15 teeth in each group. Group I samples were irrigated with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA) irrigation, Group II with 7% maleic acid irrigation, and Group III with 2% chlorhexidine irrigation. Scanning electron microscope evaluation was done for the assessment of smear layer removal in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Comparison of the smear layer removal between the three different groups was done by Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Mann–Whitney U test for comparing individual groups. A P value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results:Statistically significant difference was seen between the two test groups (17% EDTA vs. 7% maleic acid and 17% EDTA vs. 2% chlorhexidine) in smear layer removal at coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the root canal. The most efficient smear layer removal was seen in Group I with 17% EDTA irrigation compared with other groups (P < 0.05) and the least by 2% chlorhexidine.Conclusion:The present study shows that 17% EDTA efficiently removes the smear layer from root canal walls.

Temperature and time trend analyses by light scattering technique over a year on aqueous ferrofluid, synthesized by coprecipitation technique, showed unambiguously that they are ultrastable and monodisperse.