Bacteria resistance to antibiotics used for the treatment of infections and diseases is of global concern. Medicinal plants have been used as the primary sources of plants' active ingredients or lead compounds in drug development. The combination of various antimicrobial agents to obtain a synergistic effect is considered an ideal strategy for combating bacteria resistance. In this work, a constant repetitive synergy in all combinations was achieved by adding 0.3 mL of concentrated tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid, H2SO4 in a mixture of Calotropis procera extract separately with (a) 1 mg/mL Amoxicillin, (b) 1 mg/mL Ampicillin, (c) 100 µg/mL Azithromycin and (d) 100 µg/mL Ampicillin and were heated at 110 °C for 20 minutes. Higher zones of inhibitions were observed at 16.7 mm for Salmonella spp, 16.4 mm for Shigella spp, 16.8 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 21.3 mm for Escherichia coli and 22.4 mm for Streptococcus spp in situations where the antibiotics alone zone of inhibition was 0 mm at the same concentration of a, b, c, and d. These increase the regular probability model of obtaining synergism in plant extracts combination with antibiotics as shown by multiple literatures from 33% to 66% at antibiotic concentration of 100 µg/mL and 100% at antibiotic concentration of 1 mg/mL. The validation process using Piliostigma reticulatum extract shows that a volume of 0.1 mL of concentrated tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid in 2 mL of the mixture was enough to induce synergism to combat bacteria resistance. This work shows a cost-effective method where the antimicrobial activity of ineffective antibiotics can be enhanced and optimized using plant extracts. It can also be explored and applied in different ways to identify novel compounds, and isolate and purify their active principles for selectivity, efficacy, safety and their development as clinical trial candidates in antiviral and anticancer research to overcome enormous health challenges.
Factros such as gene mutation and transfer, some inappropriate uses and diagnostics, and the prescription of antibiotics to undiagnosed patients has significantly led to the emergence of drug resistance in bacteria, which is also hampering our ability to treat infections. As the declines of new antibiotics, scientists and researchers keep trying to develop or propose some synergistic combinations of antibiotics with medicinal plants extracts in an effort to boost their antimicrobial activities against drug resistant bacteria. This work aimed to develop a cocktail regimen, which will be highly susceptible to confirmed drug resistant clinical isolate of Salmonella spp, using Tetracycline, Co-trimoxazole, Aspirin, Psidium guajava and Syzygium aromaticum extract alongside minimizing toxicity potential. Twenty-four (24) different combinations were made from 10 µg/mL of Co-trimoxazole, Tetracycline and Aspirin with each clove extract and separately again with guava extract. Eighteen (18) of them were combined in three different stages (6 each) using concentrated Tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid (H2SO4) and 0.1 Molar sodium hydroxide (NaOH), while 31 antimicrobial disks were prepared and tested on Salmonella spp. The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that Scl, a stage 1 combination of Co-trimoxaazole with clove extract; Ac2, a stage 2 combination of Aspirin and clove extract; Ag2, a stage 2 combination of Aspirin and guava leave extract were all susceptible to the confirmed resistant isolate of Salmonella spp. Ag2 had the best zone of inhibition better than Ciprofloxacin inhibition zone at 20 µg/mL. Aspirin was the best precursor drug which favourably combines with both clove and guava extract to give a desired cocktail regimen with potential antimicrobial characteristics. Hence, it is needed to identify the compounds obtained in this combinations, isolates, and purify their active principles, and subjected to other pharmacological test to ascertain if they can be used to combat multi-drug resistant bacteria and other pathogenic organisms.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most worrying health problems worldwide, antimicrobial research with reference to medicinal plants is a growing domain, likewise the synergism between plant extract and antibiotics. The present study seeks to propose and develop uses a simple, safe, less time consuming, cost-effective, and eco-friendly strategic synthetic methods to overcome antibiotic resistance in bacteria using ethnopharmacological approach with conventional antibiotics. Concentrated sulphuric acid and 10% sodium hydroxide were used in combinatorial synthesis of Calotropis procera extract with Amoxicillin and Ampicillin.to validate the positive results obtain in stage one,Piliostigma reticulatum extract was combine with 100 µg/mL of azithromycin and again with 100 µg/ml of ampicillin with 0.1 mL, 0.2 mL and 0.3 mL of the acid to validate and a different bacteria strain was also introduced. Higher inhibitions zone were observed at 16.7 mm for salmonella spp, 16.4 mm shigella spp, 16.8 mm S. aureus, 21.3 mm E.coli and 22.4 mm streptococusat situations where antibiotics inhibitions zones was 0 mm. The results obtained shows that acid combinatorial synthesis of antibiotic with plant extract successfully overcame the resistance threat poses by the clinical bacteria isolates as compared to earlier versions, thus shows that synergistic effects on resistant bacteria can not only be achieved in situation where the antibiotics have already shown some degree of antibacterial activity on the tested pathogens but also in little concentrations were the antibiotic does not show antimicrobial activities.
Factors such as Mutation, Gene transfer, Inappropriate use and Diagnostics, and prescription of antibiotics to persistent patient which are yet undiagnosed has significantly led to the emergence of drug resistance in bacteria, which is now hampering our ability in treat infections, and with the decline in development of new antibiotics, scientist and research keep trying to develop/proposed some synergistic combinations of antibiotic with medicinal plant extracts in an effort to boost their antimicrobial activities against drug resistant bacteria. This work aim to develop a cocktail regimen which will be highly susceptible to confirmed drug resistant clinical isolate of Salmonella spp using Tetracycline, Co-trimoxazole, Aspirin, Psidium guajava and Syzygium aromaticum extract alongside minimizing toxicity potential. Twenty four (24) different combinations were made from 10 g/mL of Co-trimoxazole, Tetracycline and Aspirin each with each clove extract and separately again with guava extract, Eighteen (18) out of the 24 were combined in three different stages (6 each) using concentrated Tetraoxosulphate(vi)acid (H2SO4) and 0.1Molar sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 31 antimicrobial disks were prepared and tested on Salmonella spp. The antimicrobial susceptibility test reveals that Scl, a stage 1 combination of Co-trimoxaazole with clove extract, Ac2, a stage 2 combination of Aspirin and clove extract, Ag2, a stage 2 combination of Aspirin and guava leave extract were all susceptible to the confirmed resistant isolate of Salmonella spp. Ag2 had the best zone of inhibition better than Ciprofloxacin inhibition zone at 20 g/mL. Aspirin was the best precursor drug which favourably combines with both clove and guava extract to give a desired cocktail regimen with potential antimicrobial characteristics, hence, the need to identify the compounds obtained in this combinations, isolates, and purify their active principles, and subjected to other pharmacological test to ascertain if they can be used to combat multi-drug resistant bacteria and other pathogenic organisms.
Developing a new antibiotic is difficult, with an estimated failure rate of 95%, the primary value of new antibiotics is to treat multi-drug resistant infections and provide a protective benefit against emerging pathogens, natural products serves as an infinite resource for drug development, exploring natural resources for drug discovery and development may represent advantages compared to some other approaches. Rather focusing on isolation and concentration of the bioactive molecules in medicinal plants, other synthetic reactions can be done with the crude extract of medicinal plants before it isolation, concentration and purification. This study aim to develop new strategies for optimizing antimicrobial property guava leave extract by simple reactions, either by self-reaction or combination reaction with a reagent/a drug/a different plant extract. Seven (7) different combinatory samples were made, FTIR analysis revealed conjugation and formation of new functional group(s) which was further confirmed by weight analysis of the prepared samples, two preparations successfully inhibit the growth of multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of S.aureaus and E.Coli making the two preparations a broad spectrum antimicrobial, thus, showing that reacting plant extract alone or with another compound can effectively optimize its antimicrobial activities. Exploring this method in antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and anticancer drug discovery, considering the availability and vast types of natural products present in medicinal plants will create a new pathway for overcoming drug resistance threat worldwide.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.