No abstract

-The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of stalk/leaf ratio and the stage of maturity on the digestibility of the corn plant. Hybrids AG1051, AG4051, AG5011, DOW2B710, DOW2C577, DOW2A525, NB7315 and P30F90 were used, harvested at the one-half milk line (½ ML), three-quarters milk line (¾ ML) and black layer (BL) stages.A randomized block design was used in an 8 (hybrids) × 3 (stages of maturity) factorial design, with three replications. The means generated were used for grouping into high and low stalk/leaf ratio and a new analysis of variance was generated in a 2 × 3 (two groups and three stages of maturity) factorial design. The whole plant and its stalk, leaf, husk, cob and grain components were incubated in situ in the rumen of three cows for determination of degradability of dry matter and degradable neutral detergent fiber. Stalk/leaf ratio did not influence neutral detergent fiber content or the degradability of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber of any of the components, except for the cob, in which the high ratio group had greater degradable neutral detergent fiber contents. There was a reduction in the degradability of all the parts, except for the stalk and cob, and an increase in the neutral detergent fiber contents of the vegetative parts, except for the stalk. Unlike the vegetative components, the neutral detergent fiber contents of the whole plant decreased throughout the stages evaluated. For degradable neutral detergent fiber, there was a reduction in the whole plant and in its components. The advance of maturity reduces the quality of the vegetative components; however, this loss in the entire plant is moderated by grain filling. Forage quality depends more on the quality of the components than on their proportions in the dry matter.

Maize crops in Brazil have a wide diversity of management systems. There is a large contingent of family agriculture, which uses little or no agricultural inputs, compared to the rural enterprise which uses the most modern production systems. This difference in the management systems is particularly noticeable in relation to consumption of fertilizers, especially nitrogenous ones. Therefore it is necessary to obtain plants with efficient nitrogen (N) use that also respond to applied nitrogen. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of S 0:1 progenies, in top crosses, under two nitrogen levels and select the best ones based on responsiveness and efficiency. Sixty seven S 0:1 progenies from populations of single cross hybrids were crossed with two testers (T 1 -single cross hybrid; T 2 -population per se). A hundred and thirty four hybrid progenies plus ten controls were evaluated in two field trials with different levels of nitrogen (one with average levels -50 kg ha -1 of N -and the other with low levels of nitrogen -25 kg ha -1 of N) in a 12 x 12 triple lattice design. It is possible to identify and to select progenies from commercial single cross hybrids that are efficient and responsive to nitrogen application. The non-additive effect was as important as the additive effect for grain yield under different nitrogen levels.Index terms: Genetic breeding, Zea mays, S 0:1 progenies, tester, abiotic stress. RESUMOA cultura do milho no Brasil tem uma ampla diversidade no sistema de manejo. Há um grande contingente de agricultura tipicamente familiar que usa pouco insumo agrícola, e também empresas rurais que utilizam o que há de mais moderno em sistema de produção. Essa diferença no sistema de manejo fica bem evidenciada no que refere ao consumo de fertilizantes, especialmente os nitrogenados. Por isso, é necessário obter plantas eficientes no uso de nitrogênio (N) e, ao mesmo tempo, que sejam responsivas ao N aplicado. Desse modo, neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a resposta, a diferentes níveis de N, de progênies S 0:1 de milho e sua capacidade de combinação, utilizando dois testadores diferentes. Foram utilizadas 67 progênies S 0:1 , oriundas de híbridos comerciais, em topcross com dois testadores (T 1 -híbrido simples; T 2 -população per ser das progênies S 0:1 ). Os top crosses foram avaliados, juntamente com 10 testemunhas, em dois experimentos com diferentes níveis de nitrogênio (nível médio -50 kg ha -1 de N -e outro com nível baixo -25 kg ha -1 de N), no delineamento experimental látice triplo 12 x 12. Os resultados obtidos permitiram verificar que não ocorreu alteração no comportamento dos top crosses em diferentes doses de nitrogênio, para produtividade de grãos. É possível identificar e selecionar progênies parcialmente endogâmicas responsivas e eficientes na utilização de N, provenientes de híbridos comerciais. Os efeitos não-aditivos foram tão importantes quanto os efeitos aditivos para produtividade de grão sob diferentes níveis de nitrogênios. Termos para indexação:Melho...

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o progresso genético na obtenção de híbridos interpopulacionais com a seleção recorrente recíproca. Na safra 2005/2006, foram avaliados os híbridos interpopulacionais de milho (Zea mays) originados de três ciclos de seleção (0, 1 e 2) iniciados em 2003, os híbridos simples parentais e o híbrido duplo de F1, em blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições, em dois locais. Na safra seguinte, somente os híbridos interpopulacionais dos ciclos 0 e 2 foram avaliados nas mesmas condições, com 40 repetições por local. O híbrido interpopulacional apresentou desempenho equivalente ao do melhor híbrido parental simples em poucos ciclos seletivos. As estimativas do progresso genético por ciclo foram de 7,9% (ou 0,7 Mg ha -1 ) para produtividade de espigas despalhadas e de 3,5% para prolifi cidade. É possível inferir que a seleção recorrente recíproca é efi ciente em elevar a produção de híbridos interpopulacionais obtidos a partir de populações F 2 de híbridos simples de milho.Termos para indexação: Zea mays, agricultura familiar, híbrido simples, resposta à seleção. Genetic progress with reciprocal recurrent selection for interpopulation hybrids of maizeAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic progress obtained in interpopulation hybrids with the reciprocal recurrent selection. During the 2005/2006 planting season, maize (Zea mays) interpopulation crosses from three selection cycles (0, 1 and 2) initiated in 2003, single-cross parental hybrids and the double-cross F 1 hybrid were evaluated in randomized blocks with fi ve replicates, at two locations. In the next planting season, only interpopulational hybrids from cycles 0 and 2 were evaluated under the same conditions, with 40 replicates per location. The interpopulation hybrid had a yield performance equivalent to that of the best single-cross parent in few selection cycles. The estimates of genetic progress per cycle were of 7.9% (or 0.7 Mg ha -1 ) for unhusked ear yield and of 3.5% for prolifi cacy. It is possible to infer that the reciprocal recurrent selection effectively improves the yield of interpopulational hybrids obtained from F 2 generations of single-cross maize hybrids.Index terms: Zea mays, family agriculture, single-cross hybrids, response to selection. IntroduçãoA cultura do milho no Brasil possui enorme diversidade de manejo. Em uma mesma região, convivem agricultores de alta tecnologia, que utilizam todos os insumos disponíveis, e os de agricultura familiar, que utilizam poucos insumos. Essa diferença de manejo é visível, principalmente com relação à semente utilizada. Os empresários utilizam os melhores híbridos comerciais, enquanto os agricultores familiares utilizam cultivares sem o potencial produtivo desses híbridos ou até mesmo os grãos colhidos na safra anterior como semente. Para que os agricultores familiares possam ter maior lucro, é indispensável que aproveitem a heterose na sua integralidade.Para isso, é necessário que a semente híbrida seja acessível, sobretudo no que se refere a...

-The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of allohexaploid pearl millet x elephantgrass (HGL) population for a recurrent selection program through open-pollinated progenies. Seventy-eight progenies, one representative sample of the population, and two commercial cultivars, Pioneiro and Paraíso, were evaluated in a 9x9 triple lattice design, in two sites. Plant height and dry matter yield were evaluated in three and four cuts, respectively. For plant height, the 17 best progenies were similar to both commercial controls, while for dry matter yield they were higher than 'Paraíso' and lower than 'Pioneiro'. The correlation between progenies and cuts indicated that the fourth cut represents the mean of all cuts, and the possibility of using early selection. Heritability estimates considering cuts and sites were 56.9% for plant height and 58.8% for dry matter yield, and the expected response to selection was 23.4% for dry matter yield and 18.1% for plant height. These results demonstrate the promising HGL population potential for a recurrent selection program.Index terms: Pennisetum, heritability, response to selection, split-plot lattice design. Potencial da população alohexaplóide de milheto x capim-elefante para um programa de seleção recorrenteResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial para programa de seleção recorrente, em uma população alohexaplóide de milheto x capim-elefante (HGL), por meio de progênies de polinização aberta. Setenta e oito progênies, uma testemunha representativa da população e duas cultivares comerciais, a Pioneiro e a Paraíso, foram avaliadas no delineamento látice triplo 9x9, em dois locais. Os caracteres altura de plantas e produtividade de matéria seca foram avaliados por três e quatro cortes, respectivamente. Quanto à altura de plantas, a média das 17 melhores progênies foi similar às das testemunhas comerciais e, quanto à produtividade de matéria seca, foi maior do que a da 'Paraíso' e menor do que a da 'Pioneiro'. A correlação entre progênies e colheitas mostrou que a quarta colheita representa a média de todas as colheitas e a possibilidade de seleção precoce. As estimativas de herdabilidade na média das colheitas e locais foram de 56,9% para altura de plantas e de 58,8% para produtividade de matéria seca, e a reposta esperada com a seleção foi de 23,4% para produtividade de matéria seca e 18,1% para altura de plantas. Esses resultados demonstram o potencial promissor da população HGL para programa de seleção recorrente.Termos para indexação: Pennisetum, herdabilidade, resposta à seleção, látice de parcelas subdividas.

ABSTRACT. The genetic diversity study has paramount importance in breeding programs; hence, it allows selection and choice of the parental genetic divergence, which have the agronomic traits desired by the breeder. This study aimed to characterize the genetic divergence between 24 soybean genotypes through their agronomic traits, using multivariate clustering methods to select the potential genitors for the promising hybrid combinations. Six agronomic traits evaluated were number of days to flowering and maturity, plant height at flowering and maturity, insertion height of the first pod, and yield. The genetic divergence evaluated by multivariate analysis that esteemed first the Mahalanobis' generalized distance (D 2 ), then the clustering using Tocher's optimization methods, and then the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). Tocher's optimization method and the UPGMA agreed with the groups' constitution between each other, the formation of eight distinct groups according Tocher's method and seven distinct groups using UPGMA. The trait number of days for flowering (45.66%) was the most efficient to explain dissimilarity between genotypes, and must be one of the main traits considered by the breeder in the moment of genitors choice in soybeanbreeding programs. The genetic variability allowed the identification of dissimilar genotypes and with superior performances. The hybridizations UFU 18 x UFUS CARAJÁS, UFU 15 x UFU 13, and UFU 13 x UFUS CARAJÁS are promising to obtain superior segregating populations, which enable the development of more productive genotypes.

Abstract

This study was carried out to obtain the estimates of genetic variance and covariance components related to intra- and interpopulation in the original populations (C0) and in the third cycle (C3) of reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS) which allows breeders to define the best breeding strategy. For that purpose, the half-sib progenies of intrapopulation (P11 and P22) and interpopulation (P12 and P21) from populations 1 and 2 derived from single-cross hybrids in the 0 and 3 cycles of the reciprocal recurrent selection program were used. The intra- and interpopulation progenies were evaluated in a 10 × 10 triple lattice design in two separate locations. The data for unhusked ear weight (ear weight without husk) and plant height were collected. All genetic variance and covariance components were estimated from the expected mean squares. The breakdown of additive variance into intrapopulation and interpopulation additive deviations (σ τ 2) and the covariance between these and their intrapopulation additive effects (CovAτ) found predominance of the dominance effect for unhusked ear weight. Plant height for these components shows that the intrapopulation additive effect explains most of the variation. Estimates for intrapopulation and interpopulation additive genetic variances confirm that populations derived from single-cross hybrids have potential for recurrent selection programs.