SARS-CoV-2 has become one of the most important and challenging medical research topics in recent years. The presence of endothelial dysfunction, immune thrombosis, and oxidative stress contributes to complications and requires more extended hospitalisation of patients. In this article, we focused on analysing the impact of oxidative stress on the severity of COVID-19 infection. The study group consisted of 72 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV enrolled. The patients were divided into moderate and severe diseases according to the SCRI (Simple Covid Risk Index, including lymphocyte/D-dimer ratio). Using the ELISA kit, we determined the level of AOPP and 8-OHdG. Patients with severe COVID-19 had higher levels of both AOPP (P < 0.05) and 8-OHdG (P < 0.05) compared to patients with moderate disease. Albumin levels were significantly lower (P < 0.001), although fibrinogen (P < 0.01), D-dimer (P < 0.001), and TF (P < 0.05) levels were higher in severe patients than in moderate course. AOPP/Alb was also higher among severe patients (P < 0.05). Our data suggest a potential role for AOPP and 8-OHdG in predicting the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 patients. Elevated AOPP levels were associated with increased Dimer-D, TF, and vWF activity levels.
Introduction and purpose:
Male breast cancer (MBC) is estimated to less than 1% of all breast cancer cases worldwide. A lifetime risk of developing MBC amounts to 1:1000. The data on breast cancer in men is limited. This review aims to analyze information on risk factors, diagnostics and treatment in men suffering from breast cancer.
Material and method:
This review was based on available data collected in PubMed and published in the years 2001-2022. The research was done by looking through keywords as follows: “breast cancer”, “male breast cancer”, “risk factors” and “treatment”.
Results:
Male breast cancer usually manifests as a painless, retroareolar mass in the breast. Risk factors include advanced age, hormonal imbalance, exposure to radiation and a positive family history. A significant risk increase in MBC development occurs in BRCA2, CHEK2, PALB2 and ATM genes mutations. G2 ductal carcinoma with no special type is most often diagnosed. Dominating subtype is luminal A cancer, while HER2 protein overexpression is extremely rare. Radical mastectomy or breast conserving therapy remain surgical therapeutic options. The most preferred endocrine therapy is tamoxifen. The choice of chemotherapy in men is based on the same criteria as in women.
Conclusions:
Delayed diagnosis and tumor characteristics are associated with a much worse prognosis for men compared to women. Therefore, further clinical research is crucial in order to improve the diagnostic possibilities and treatment targeted at men with this type of cancer.
INTRODUCTION: Cystic fibrosis is a severe, multi-system involvement genetic disease. It is estimated that 1 in 2,500 people are affected, most commonly Europeans. It used to lead to death in childhood, but patients now live to adulthood. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE: Thanks to screening tests carried out in many countries, the disease can be detected quickly at birth and treatment can be implemented as soon as possible. Following the discovery of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR), in which the mutation responsible for cystic fibrosis occurs, a great deal of research has been done to discover the best pathway for causal treatment. A new group of drugs called modulators, which improve the function of the CFTR protein, was developed. These preparations have been approved for clinical use by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Approximately 85-90% of patients are eligible for treatment, based on the mutations they have. Importantly, from the beginning of 2022, the aforementioned causative therapies will appear on the Polish list of reimbursed drugs.
SUMMARY: Thanks to genetics and biology, it was possible to discover modulators of the CFTR protein. With a quick diagnosis and the fastest possible initiation of targeted treatment, patients have a chance for a longer and better life. Today, the median age to which people with CF live is 46.2 years. It is said that these innovative therapies can not only alleviate the course of this incurable disease, but also prevent the occurrence of severe complications. Unfortunately, we do not know the far-reaching effects of the preparations, so at the moment we can only hope for as many studies as possible showing the effects of their use.
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