Introduction and purpose: This review aims to analyze causes, symptoms and diagnosis of overdosing vitamin D resulting in vitamin D toxicity (VDT). Material and method: This paper was based on medical articles collected in Pubmed from 2008 to 2021 year. The research has been done by looking through keywords such as “vitamin D” “toxicity”. Results: The review of studies showed that manifestation of VDT is mainly associated with hypercalcemia and its course can range from asymptomatic to life-threatening, including death. We also draw attention to inappropriate use and widespread of vitamin D products. Conclusion: There is a high demand for medical health workers to advise patients on possible effects of inappropriate use of vitamin D products and its toxicity. Medical practitioners should be attentive to quickly identify VDT.
Introduction and purpose: Male breast cancer (MBC) is estimated to less than 1% of all breast cancer cases worldwide. A lifetime risk of developing MBC amounts to 1:1000. The data on breast cancer in men is limited. This review aims to analyze information on risk factors, diagnostics and treatment in men suffering from breast cancer. Material and method: This review was based on available data collected in PubMed and published in the years 2001-2022. The research was done by looking through keywords as follows: “breast cancer”, “male breast cancer”, “risk factors” and “treatment”. Results: Male breast cancer usually manifests as a painless, retroareolar mass in the breast. Risk factors include advanced age, hormonal imbalance, exposure to radiation and a positive family history. A significant risk increase in MBC development occurs in BRCA2, CHEK2, PALB2 and ATM genes mutations. G2 ductal carcinoma with no special type is most often diagnosed. Dominating subtype is luminal A cancer, while HER2 protein overexpression is extremely rare. Radical mastectomy or breast conserving therapy remain surgical therapeutic options. The most preferred endocrine therapy is tamoxifen. The choice of chemotherapy in men is based on the same criteria as in women. Conclusions: Delayed diagnosis and tumor characteristics are associated with a much worse prognosis for men compared to women. Therefore, further clinical research is crucial in order to improve the diagnostic possibilities and treatment targeted at men with this type of cancer.
Background: Creatine supplementation is one of the most popular methods of improving athletic performance. In this article we reviewed its positive and negative influence on human organism. Materials and Methods: This paper was based on medical articles collected in PubMed from 1998 to 2019. The research has been done by looking through the key words such as: “creatine”, “supplementation”, “influence”, “kidney”, “renal effects”. Results: Creatine supplementation has no negative influence on renal function. Moreover it appears to have a positive effect on some aspects of metabolism. Conclusions: According to the available knowledge, creatine supplementation in appropriate doses is safe.
Abstract Background: Multiple myeloma is a clonal plasma cell neoplasm which affects 1% of all malignancies. In this article we reviewed epidemiology, symptoms with particular attention to renal failure and its manifestation in multiple myeloma (MM). Material and methods: This paper was based on medical articles collected in PubMed from 2001 to 2022, medical websites and books. The research has been done by looking through key words such as: „multiple myeloma”, „myeloma cast nephropathy”, „bortezomib”, „RANKL” Results: Multiple myeloma has indolent course and many patients present renal disorders at the moment of diagnosis. The use of novel therapies can reverse renal failure. Conclusions: Treatment of the patients with MM and kidney disease is challenging for health care professionals. Doctors have to adjust treatment to provide the best therapeutic effects.
Introduction and purpose This article aims to compare two guiding methods of cervical cancer screening: cervical cytology and HPV testing. The objective is to provide information on which method is currently more relevant in the early detection of precancerous lesions and and therefore should be more frequently used. Materials and method This review was mainly based on articles from around the world collected in Pubmed in 2003-2022, medical books and websites. The research was done by looking through keywords as follows: “cervical cancer”, “cytology”, “HPV testing”. Results All selected studies have demonstrated that HPV testing is a more appropriate indicator for initial high-grade CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) than cytology. Conclusions According to the cited researches, the public health system should definitely pay more attention to HPV testing as the first stage of cervical cancer screening. Moreover, it should clarify by comparing all advantages and disadvantages of methods, which further diagnostic pathway is the most effective and has the best outcomes for the patients. Keywords cervical cancer, cervical screening, cytology, HPV primary screening, HPV testing
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