We studied anatomy and histology of different segments of the digestive tract in postnatal growing broiler chickens with regard to their location, shape, size and weight. A group of four chickens, each at day 1 (D 1) , days 14 (D 14) and days 28 (D 28) , total 12, were killed, their digestive tracts were dissected and described and shape, size and weight of different segments were recorded. Samples from different segments were prepared and stained with haematoxylin and eosin staining technique to study the histology under light microscope. The average lengths (cm) and weights (gm) of esophagus, proventriculus (glandular stomach), gizzard (muscular stomach), small intestine and large intestine were significantly higher (P<0.01) in chickens at D 28 than that at D 14 and at D 1. The histological layers of digestive tract were lamina epithelia, lamina propria, lamina muscularis, submucosa, tunica muscularis and serosa with the exception in esophagus where outer adventitia was found. The esophageal glands were significantly more in numbers at D 1 (in cross section, 12 in number per focus under 100x) than at D 14 (6 in number per focus under 100x) and at D 28 (2 in number per focus under 100x). The proventriculus consisted of macroscopic papillae with numerous microscopic folds with lamina propria comprised of simple glands, which converged into a common cavity near the surface. In gizzard, the cuticle, in the form of wavy lines ran parallel to the surface. The villi of small intestine and large intestine were lined by simple columnar epithelium. The apical parts of villi of the duodenum were slightly pointed and the basal parts of the villi were thicker than jejunum and ileum, whereas, the villi of the jejunum and ileum became shorter and broader than duodenum and most of the villi had blunt apical part and the basal parts were wider. The numbers of goblet cells were numerous in number in ileum than duodenum and jejunum. Plicae ran along the inner surface of the distal two thirds of the cacea. However, in the colorectum, the villi appeared as numerous long flat leaf-shaped structures which filled a large proportion of the lumen. The average lengths and widths of villi of small and large intestine were significantly higher (P<0.01) in chickens at D 28 than that at D 14 and at D 1. The number of goblet cells in lamina epithelium and intestinal glands of the lamina propria were numerous in number at D 28 than the chickens at D 14 and at D 1.
Banten-Dialect Javanese Language is one of the most difficult subjects, according to the 4th grade elementary school students. This situation is caused by several factors, namely motivation, environment, mother tongue, surrounding culture, as well as the boring and less innovative instructional media. The study aims to develop a quality educational game as an alternative learning media for the Banten-Dialect Javanese Language subject. This type of research is development. The study used the ADDIE model as a development method. This educational game had been validated by 1 material experts and 1 media expert. The experiment subjects were 4th grade students collected 30 students. Data collected methods are observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The technique of analysing the data is descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results of validity test by material experts were 94.44% (very good) and by media experts, namely 83.92% (very good), so it is said to be valid. Student responses in the small group test obtained a proportion of 77,25% (agree) so it is said to be practical. The results of this study indicated that the educational game, Gelati Ilmu, is feasible to be used as an alternative learning media for the Banten-Dialect Javanese Language subject.
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