Due to increase in energy prices at peak periods and increase in fuel cost, involving Distributed Generation (DG) and consumption management by Demand Response (DR) will be unavoidable options for optimal system operations. Also, with high penetration of DGs and DR programs into power system operation, the reliability criterion is taken into account as one of the most important concerns of system operators in management of power system. In this paper, a Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment (RCUC) at presence of time-based DR program and DGs integrated with conventional units is proposed and executed to reach a reliable and economic operation. Designated cost function has been minimized considering reliability constraint in prevailing UC formulation. The UC scheduling is accomplished in short-term so that the reliability is maintained in acceptable level. Because of complex nature of RCUC problem and full AC load flow constraints, the hybrid algorithm included Simulated Annealing (SA) and Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) has been proposed to optimize the problem. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and considerable efficacy of the time-based DR program in reducing operational costs by implementing it on IEEE-RTS79.
Summary The net‐load ramping occurs when the output power of renewable energy resources is decreased simultaneously with a rise in the load during early evening hours. Thus, in this paper, the unfavorable effects of ramping are mitigated via the multi‐microgrid system without additional investment. In the proposed model, microgrids under study include micro turbine, photovoltaic, wind turbine, phosphoric acid fuel cell, energy storage system, and demand response program. The mentioned microgrids attempt to exchange power with the upstream grid at appropriate intervals by incorporating hourly dynamic penalty costs to their operational costs so as to moderate the ramping of the distribution grid load profile. The minimization of the total cost of operation is formulated for the multi‐microgrid system. As a result, it is possible to eliminate the effects of ramping using proper management of the units and exchanged power in the proposed scheme. Also, the numerical results indicated the usefulness and applicability of the proposed model through its application on a typical distribution test system.
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