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Abstract. This paper explores the formal specification of the physical behaviour of devices 'unplugged' from their digital effects. By doing this we seek to better understand the nature of physical interaction and the way this can be exploited to improve the design of hybrid devices with both physical and digital features. We use modified state transition networks of the physical behaviour, which we call physiograms, and link these to parallel diagrams of the digital state. These are used to describe a number of features of physical interaction exposed by previous work and relevant properties expressed using a formal semantics of the diagrams. As well as being an analytic tool, the physigrams have been used in a case study where product designers used and adapted them as part of the design process.

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We do not interact with systems without first performing some physical action on a physical device. This paper shows how formal notations and formal models can be developed to account for the relationship between the physical devices that we actually press, twist or pull and their effects on systems. We use state diagrams of each but find we have to extend these in order to account for features such as bounce-back, where buttons or other controls are sprung. Critical to all is the fact that we are physical creatures and so formal models have to take into account that physicality.

Interacting with mobiles and portable devices using brain waves has become a reality with the recent advances in the brain-computer interfaces (BCI)

B2C in the developing countries is not yet a normalcy as compared to the developed countries. In this paper, we attempt to improve trust of B2C in Iran. A number of hypotheses are outlined to prove the theories that could improve the trust. A set of questionnaires was designed to reflect hence test the hypotheses. Various related factors are tested in the collective Iranian culture. From the survey, it was found that recommendations by close friends and families are known as an influencing factor on reputation because of the collective culture. In addition, the type of payment is illustrated as an influencing factor on trust as well. Based on the findings, a refined model of Iran Trust Model (ITM) is derived. The model considers the antecedents and the consequences of trust in Iran. A prototype was implemented and tested, in which the prototype -in the form of an e-commerce website that was developed adhering to the model, for a number of weeks. This study examines antecedents and consequences of trust in Iran. Type of payment and reputation are known as the antecedents that related positively to trust. Trust has a negative relationship with risk and a positive relationship with attitude.