Aims-To study the eVects of topical nipradilol, a non-selective blocker with blocking and nitroglycerin-like activities, on intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous humour dynamics in normal humans and in patients with ocular hypertension. Methods-Nipradilol (0.06%, 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%) was applied to normal volunteers (n = 12) to test for IOP lowering eVects. In a second group of normal volunteers (n = 11), nipradilol (0.125% and 0.25%) and timolol (0.5%) were compared for IOP lowering eVects. After a single administration of 0.25% nipradilol, IOP, flare intensity in the anterior chamber, aqueous flow, uveoscleral outflow, tonographic outflow facility, and episcleral venous pressure were either directly measured or mathematically calculated. Topical nipradilol (0.25%) was administered to 24 patients with ocular hypertension twice daily for 8 weeks. Results-Administration of 0.25% nipradilol decreased IOP with a maximum reduction of 4.2 mm Hg lasting 12 hours. A single instillation of both 0.25% nipradilol and 0.5% timolol reduced the IOP in normotensive human subjects to the same degree. A single instillation of 0.25% nipradilol decreased the aqueous flow rate in the treated eye by 20%. Nipradilol produced no significant eVect in tonographic outflow facility or episcleral venous pressure, but uveoscleral outflow was increased.In patients with ocular hypertension, twice daily instillation of 0.25% nipradilol decreased IOP without tachyphylaxis for the 8 week test period. Conclusion-Topical nipradilol (0.25%) reduced IOP by decreasing the aqueous flow rate and probably also by increasing uveoscleral outflow. Nipradilol should be further investigated as a new antiglaucoma drug. (Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:293-299) Nipradilol is a non-selective blocker with 1 blocking and nitroglycerin-like vasodilating activities that are attributed to its nitroxyl moiety.
Field-emitting surface dielectric barrier discharges (FESDBDs), previously generated in CO2 from high pressures up to supercritical conditions using 10 kHz ac excitation, were investigated in non-aqueous liquid CO2 and liquid silicone oil. In both liquids, the maximum amount of negative charge Q−deposited as a function of the applied voltage amplitude was consistent with the Fowler–Nordheim equation, which demonstrated the presence of field emission. Furthermore, purely continuum optical emission spectra attributable to electron-neutral bremsstrahlung were confirmed. The fact that these characteristics were identical to those in high-pressure CO2 reported from previous research shows that FESDBDs can be generated independently of the medium type and that they are low-power (on the order of 10 mW) discharges. To investigate the charging function of FESDBDs, the motion of fine particles suspended above the FESDBDs was studied by high-speed imaging. It revealed that the speed of fine particles affected by the FESDBDs depends on the particle size, the FESDBDs' function being to charge fine particles.
Field-emitting modes of surface dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) have been generated thus far only in high-pressure CO2, including its liquid and supercritical phases, and in silicone oil. In this study, a generalized discussion with a one-dimensional Townsend-based theory is proposed to predict the accessibility of the field-emitting mode in various media. The field-emitting modes of surface DBDs are demonstrated experimentally in high-density Ar and N2 using Fowler–Nordheim coordinates and image observations.
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