A transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is a method that provides drug adsorption via the skin. TDDS could replace conventional oral administration and blood administration because it is easily accessible. However, it is still difficult to design efficient TDDS due to the high barrier property of skin covered with stratum corneum, which inhibits the permeation of drug molecules. Thus far, TDDS methods by applying physical stimuli such as microneedles and chemical stimuli such as surfactants have been actively developed. However, it has been hard to avoid inflammation at the administration site because these methods partially destroy the skin tissue. On the other hand, TDDS with nanocarriers minimizing damage to the skin tissues has emerged together with the development of nanotechnology in recent years. This review focuses on current trends in TDDS.
Composite nanoparticles composed of anionic phospholipid of 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphorylglycerol (DPPG) and resveratrol (Res) were successfully prepared by mixing them in water and a subsequent heating/cooling process. Small-sized DPPG-Res nanoparticles (<60 nm) could be prepared by ultrasonic fragmentation. Upon addition of size-controlled fluorescently labeled Res (FLRes) nanoparticles stabilized with DPPG (DPPG-FLRes) to rat skin tissue, FLRes molecules infiltrated into the epidermis layer permeating stratum corneum.
Composite nanoparticles composed of an anionic phospholipid of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylglycerol (DPPG) and paclitaxel (PTX) were successfully prepared by mixing them in water followed by a subsequent heating/cooling process. The size of DPPG-PTX nanoparticle could be easily tuned by ultrasonic fragmentation. Upon addition of small-sized fluorescently labeled paclitaxel (FLPTX) nanoparticles with DPPG (DPPG-FLPTX) to rat skin tissue, part of the FLPTX molecules permeated to the stratum corneum.
Piceid, stilbenoid glucoside, is a representative resveratrol derivative. Because of a high tyrosinase inhibitory activity of piceid through resveratrol derivatives, transdermal delivery of piceid has been desired for taking advantage of the activity. Here we successfully prepared composite nanoparticles composed of anionic phospholipid of 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphorylglycerol (DPPG) and piceid by mixing them in water and a subsequent heating/cooling process. When small-sized fluorescently labeled DPPG-piceid (DPPG-FLpiceid) nanoparticles were added to rat skin tissue, FLpiceid molecules were localized in stratum corneum.
Fullerene has attracted much attention for applications in biomaterials because of its high antioxidant activity. In this study, C60 and C70 fullerenes were mixed with a commercially available anionic phospholipid mixture, Technol PG, and sodium cholate, resulting in effective dispersion of the fullerenes to give small-sized fullerene nanoparticles.
Resveratrol derivatives containing a primary amine functional group were synthesized by an introduction of N-Boc-bromoethylamine to resveratrol using Williamson ether synthesis and subsequent deprotection of the Boc group with trifluoroacetic acid. After conjugation of fluorescent NBD-F or rhodamine B with isothiocyanate (Rhd B-ITC) using the amine group, resveratrols modified with NBD or Rhd B (Resveratrol-NBD and Resveratrol-Rhd B, respectively) were successfully obtained.
In this work, resveratrol was dispersed with anionic phospholipids of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylglycerol (DPPG), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidic acid, and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol. Moreover, small-sized nanoparticles of kaempferol and indometacin were successfully prepared by using DPPG as a dispersion agent.
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