Novel nickel-based catalytic systems for the C-H arylation of azoles with haloarenes and aryl triflates have been developed. We have established that Ni(OAc)(2)/bipy/LiOtBu serves as a general catalytic system for the coupling with aryl bromides and iodides as aryl electrophiles. For couplings with more challenging electrophiles, such as aryl chlorides and triflates, the Ni(OAc)(2)/dppf (dppf = 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) system was found to be effective. Thiazoles, benzothiazoles, oxazoles, benzoxazoles, and benzimidazoles can be used as the heteroarene coupling partner. Upon further investigation, we discovered a new protocol for the present coupling using Mg(OtBu)(2) as a milder and less expensive alternative to LiOtBu. Attempts to reveal the mechanism of this nickel-catalyzed heterobiaryl coupling are also described. This newly developed methodology has been successfully applied to the syntheses of febuxostat (a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that is effective for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia), tafamidis (effective for the treatment of TTR amyloid polyneuropathy), and texaline (a natural product having antitubercular activity).
An
enantioselective and robust synthetic process to obtain a useful
intermediate for the β2-adrenergic receptor agonist is described.
Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketone 1c by (S,S)-3b (Ms-DENEB) afforded
chiral alcohol 2c in 71% isolated yield and 99% ee. The
deprotection completed the synthesis of (R)-5 in 41% overall yield from 1b, which is readily
commercially available.
A one-step homologation protocol for the synthesis of natural products containing deoxypropionate motif is described by the combination of Zr-catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination of alkenes (ZACA)-Pd-catalyzed vinylation and ZACA-oxidation reaction. In contrast to most other synthetic strategies used to date that typically require three steps per deoxypropionate unit due to the functional-group interconversions, our one-step homologation strategy promises to provide a general and more efficient synthetic route toward deoxypropionate natural products as exemplified by significant improvements in the syntheses of intermediates and/or final products of mycolipenic acid 1 and its analogue 2, (-)-rasfonin, and syn- and anti-dicarboxylic acids 5 and 6.
Herein, we report a zirconium‐catalyzed enantio‐ and diastereoselective inter/intramolecular double carboalumination of unactivated 2‐substituted 1,5‐dienes, which provides efficient and direct access to chiral cyclopentanes through the generation of two stereocenters, including one all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter, generally with excellent diastereo‐ and high enantioselectivity. This tandem carboalumination process creates two new C−C bonds as well as one C−Al bond, which can be oxidized in situ with O2 or hydrolyzed. Furthermore, the obtained chiral cyclopentanes can be readily functionalized to provide various chiral compounds.
Herein, we report a zirconium-catalyzed enantio- and diastereoselective inter/intramolecular double carboalumination of unactivated 2-substituted 1,5-dienes, which provides efficient and direct access to chiral cyclopentanes through the generation of two stereocenters, including one all-carbon quaternary stereocenter, generally with excellent diastereo- and high enantioselectivity. This tandem carboalumination process creates two new C-C bonds as well as one C-Al bond, which can be oxidized in situ with O or hydrolyzed. Furthermore, the obtained chiral cyclopentanes can be readily functionalized to provide various chiral compounds.
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