Because of the rapid growth of wind power, an electric grid company set the maximum change rate in a time window to share its fluctuation; this set maximum change rate in a time window is called the grid code. Large fluctuations of wind power may cause deviation from the grid code, but no studies discuss how to control an energy storage system (ESS) so that it quickly goes back to satisfying the grid code. The authors proposed three control methods for an ESS when the wind power output deviates; they are (1) 'restart' , (2) 'continuance without operation' , and (3) 'continuance with operation'. One year numerical simulations with two types of grid codes and two wind power output data have been performed to evaluate the methods. From the studies, control method (3) is found to be the best control method for an ESS to minimize capacity when the wind power output deviates from the grid code, and is verified by the numerical simulations. These results help to answer questions on how to reduce deviation time and ESS capacity using the control method when the wind power output deviates from the grid code.
This chapter describes demand‐side issues specific to home energy management. Two key issues pertain to home energy management: (i) supporting a power network operation by controlling the consumption of electricity and (ii) providing optimum household operation for devices and appliances (e.g., cost of electricity). To achieve the desired performance from the cooperation of various devices and applications, automated control via a home energy management system (HEMS) is required. HEMS is classified into three distinct categories based on physical form and allocation of the appropriate control algorithm. Then, elemental technologies are summarized, which are combined with HEMS to constitute a global energy management system (EMS). To showcase the effectiveness of this system, we present some use cases of HEMS as well as experiments conducted at the EMS Shinjuku R&D Center established in Waseda University. At this site, four smart houses were built and equipped with an air conditioner, a battery, electric vehicles/plug‐in hybrid vehicle and charger, a heat‐pump water heater, a fuel cell cogeneration system, and a solar inverter. The potential for expansion of HEMS beyond the function of energy management through collaboration with different disciplines is mentioned.
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