A genetic polymorphism was identified in the 5'-flanking region of human CYP1A2 gene, and its effect on the transcriptional activation of the CYP1A2 gene was investigated. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the existence of a point mutation from guanine (wild type) to adenine (mutated type) at position -2964 in the gene. This point mutation was detected by a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method using DdeI or BslI restriction enzyme, and was proven to be genetically inherited. Allele frequency in 116 Japanese subjects showed 0.77 and 0.23 for the wild and mutated types of allele, respectively. The point mutation caused a significant decrease of CYP1A2 activity measured by the rate of caffeine 3-demethylation in Japanese smokers (p<0.05). Gel retardation analysis showed the existence of protein bound to the polymorphic locus. These results suggest that this polymorphism is a causal factor of decreased CYP1A2 inducibility.

Hypertension is a significant health issue in Indonesia. Health professionals in a rural district of West Java identified hypertension as a priority health issue. In this study, we describe healthy-lifestyle behaviors as perceived by the district's middle-aged Muslims with hypertension. A qualitative case-study design was used. Twelve married couples, directly or indirectly impacted by hypertension, and who visited community health centers, were purposively recruited. Semistructured interviews provided data that were systematically analyzed for categories and subcategories. Categories of healthy-lifestyle behaviors currently practiced were eating behavior, physical activity, resting, not smoking, managing stress, seeking health information, seeking health care, caring other people, and fulfilling an obligation to God. Categories of reasons for practicing healthy-lifestyle behaviors were behavioral beliefs, competence, religious support, prior experience, social support, and health system support. Categories for not practicing healthy-lifestyle behaviors were personal, social, and environmental barriers. To achieve healthy-lifestyle behavior changes, it is essential for rural middle-aged Muslim individuals to be supported by reinforcing their positive reasons and to address their negative reasons to practice healthy-lifestyle behaviors.

1 The analgesic activity of CP-101,606, an NR2B subunit-selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, was examined in carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia, capsaicin-and 4b-phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced nociceptive tests in the rat. 2 CP-101,606 30 mg kg 71 , s.c., at 0.5 and 2.5 h after carrageenan challenge suppressed mechanical hyperalgesia without any apparant alternations in motor coordination or behaviour in the rat. 3 CP-101,606 also inhibited capsaicin-and PMA-induced nociceptive responses (licking behaviour) with ED 50 values of 7.5 and 5.7 mg kg 71 , s.c., respectively. 4 These results suggest that inhibition of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor is eective in vivo at modulating nociception and hyperalgesia responses without causing the behavioural side eects often observed with currently available NMDA receptor antagonists.

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Objective To analyse the clinical and therapeutic conse-after the treatment was completed. The remaining two patients (three pyelo-ureteric systems) had persistently quences of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) perfusion therapy for carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the upper positive cytology. Of two patients who received BCG therapy through a ureteric catheter, one developed a urinary tract. Patients and methods Eight pyelo-ureteric systems in ureteric stricture and the other developed renal tuberculosis. five patients with cytologically confirmed CIS of the upper urinary tract were treated using perfusion of Conclusions Although long-term adaptation to a nephrostomy tube disturbs the quality of life of the BCG through a percutaneous nephrostomy tube in five and a retrograde ureteric catheter in three. Follow-patient, percutaneous perfusion therapy through a nephrostomy tube seems to be safer than retrograde up cystoscopy, retrograde pyelography and selective urinary cytology were obtained 4 weeks after the last perfusion through a ureteric catheter. Keywords Carcinoma in situ, bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment and every 3 months thereafter. Results In three patients (five pyelo-ureteric systems) vaccine, upper urinary tract, percutaneous perfusion the cytology remained negative for 10-46 months and total cystectomy for CIS of the upper tract and

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BackgroundEarly childhood caries (ECC) affects children across Japan and throughout the world. Thus, it is important to identify dietary and dental care habits that either promote oral health or cause ECC. The objective of this study was to identify protective and risk factors associated with ECC in Japan.MethodsIn a typical rural Japanese community, we selected children born between 2004 and 2008 who had received checkups at their community health center including oral examinations conducted by dentists. We obtained data from children’s records and from a questionnaire filled out by parents. We enrolled only children who at their checkup for 18-month-olds had no caries, and we obtained data about them at their checkup for 3-year-olds. We classified children as either having caries (treated or untreated) or being caries-free. We conducted bivariate analyses using data on child/family demographic characteristics, child’s dietary habits, and child/parental oral health habits. We also conducted logistic regression analysis to control for variables and identify predictors of the presence/absence of caries.ResultsFive hundred sixty six children (278 boys, 288 girls) were enrolled and followed. After 2 years, 173 children (30.6%) presented with caries. Logistic regression analysis predicting caries at follow-up identified the interaction term “bottlefed overnight and brushed irregularly” at 18 months of age as a highly significant predictor of developing caries—adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 14.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–199.71. Two variables measured at follow-up were also significant predictors: having low levels of dental plaque (AOR 2.41, 95% CI 1.34–4.35) and having a mother who had untreated caries (AOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.09–3.12).ConclusionPublic health efforts should encourage parents to eliminate bottle feeding overnight and promote brushing twice daily as children’s teeth begin to erupt. Greater efforts should be made to teach parents and daytime caregivers how to brush effectively to remove all plaque. Health professionals should pay close attention to mothers’ oral health status. Mothers with caries should receive prompt treatment and be assisted in developing better dietary and oral health habits that will benefit themselves and their children. Policies and programs should focus more on family oral health rather than just child oral health.

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